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programming_language.md
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@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Sometimes the distinction here may not be completely clear, for example Python i
Another common division is by **level of [abstraction](abstraction.md)** roughly to (keep in mind the transition is gradual and depends on context, the line between low and high level is extremely fuzzy):
- **[low level](low_level.md)**: Languages which are so called "closer to [hardware](hardware.md)" ("glorified [assembly](assembly.md)"), using little to no abstraction (reflecting more how a computer actually works under the hood without adding too many artificial concepts above it, allowing direct access to memory with [pointers](pointer.md), ...), for this they very often use plain [imperative](imperative.md) paradigm), being less comfortable (requiring the programmer to do many things manually), less flexible, less safe (allowing shooting oneself in the foot). However (because [less is more](less_is_more.md)) they have great many advantages, e.g. being [simple](kiss.md) to implement (and so more [free](freedom.md)) and **greatly efficient** (being fast, memory efficient, ...). One popular definition is also that "a low level language is that which requires paying attention to the irrelevant". Low level languages are **typically compiled** (but it doesn't have to be so). Where exactly low level languages end is highly subjective, many say [C](c.md), [Fortran](fortran.md), [Forth](forth.md) and similar languages are low level (normally when discussing them in context of new, very high level languages), others (mainly the older programmers) say only [assembly](assembly.md) languages are low level and some will even say only [machine code](machine_code.md) is low level.
- **[low level](low_level.md)**: Languages which are so called "closer to [hardware](hardware.md)" ("glorified [assembly](assembly.md)"), using little to no abstraction (reflecting more how a computer actually works under the hood without adding too many artificial concepts above it, allowing direct access to memory with [pointers](pointer.md), ...), for this they very often use plain [imperative](imperative.md) paradigm), being less comfortable (requiring the programmer to do many things manually), less flexible, less safe (allowing shooting oneself in the foot). However (because [less is more](less_is_more.md)) they have great many advantages, e.g. being [simple](kiss.md) to implement (and so more [free](freedom.md)) and **greatly efficient** (being fast, memory efficient, ...). One popular definition is also that "a low level language is that which requires paying attention to the irrelevant"; another definition says a low level language is that in which one command usually corresponds to one machine instruction. Low level languages are **typically compiled** (but it doesn't have to be so). Where exactly low level languages end is highly subjective, many say [C](c.md), [Fortran](fortran.md), [Forth](forth.md) and similar languages are low level (normally when discussing them in context of new, very high level languages), others (mainly the older programmers) say only [assembly](assembly.md) languages are low level and some will even say only [machine code](machine_code.md) is low level.
- **[high level](high_level.md)**: Languages with higher level of abstraction than low level ones -- they are normally more complex (though not always), interpreted (again, not necessarily), comfortable, dynamically typed, beginner friendly, "safe" (having various safety mechanism, automatic checks, automatic memory management such as [garbage collection](garbage_collection.md)) etc. For all this they are typically slower, less memory efficient, and just more [bloated](bloat.md). Examples are [Python](python.md) or [JavaScript](js.md).
We can divide language in many more ways, for example based on their **[paradigm](paradigm.md)** (roughly its core idea/model/"philosophy", e.g. [impertaive](imperative.md), [declarative](declarative.md), [object-oriented](oop.md), [functional](functional.md), [logical](logical.md), ...), **purpose** (general purpose, special purpose), computational power ([turing complete](turing_complete.md) or weaker, many definitions of a programming language require Turing completeness), [typing](data_type.md) (strong, weak, dynamic, static) or function evaluation (strict, lazy).
@ -59,6 +59,12 @@ A computer language consists from two main parts:
**Can you use multiple programming languages for one project?** Yes, though it may be a burden, so don't do it just because you can. Combining languages is possible in many ways, e.g. by embedding a [scripting](scripting.md) language into a compiled language, linking together object files produces by different languages, creating different programs that communicate over network etc.
## History
The first higher level programming language was probably Plankalkul made by Konrad Zuse in 1942.
TODO
## More Details And Context
What really IS a programming language -- is it software? Is it a standard? Can a language be [bloated](bloat.md)? How does the languages evolve? Where is the exact line between a programming language and non-programming language? Who makes programming languages? Who "owns" them? Who controls them? Why are there so many and not just one? These are just some of the questions one may ask upon learning about programming. Let's try to quickly answer some of them.