2025-07-07 01:12:03 +00:00
3117 changed files with 97708 additions and 135737 deletions
--- a/.circleci/config.yml
+++ b/.circleci/config.yml
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ parameters:
 defaults: &defaults
  resource_class: large
  docker:
-      - image: bepsays/ci-hugoreleaser:1.22400.20000
+      - image: bepsays/ci-hugoreleaser:1.22000.20100
 environment: &buildenv
      GOMODCACHE: /root/project/gomodcache
 version: 2
@ -14,7 +14,9 @@ jobs:
    environment: &buildenv
        GOMODCACHE: /root/project/gomodcache
    steps:
-      - setup_remote_docker
+      - &remote-docker
+        setup_remote_docker: 
+          version: 20.10.14
      - checkout: 
          path: hugo
      - &git-config
@ -58,7 +60,7 @@ jobs:
    environment:
        <<: [*buildenv]
    docker:
-    - image: bepsays/ci-hugoreleaser-linux-arm64:1.22400.20000
+    - image: bepsays/ci-hugoreleaser-linux-arm64:1.22000.20100
    steps:
      - *restore-cache
      - &attach-workspace
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
@ -5,11 +5,6 @@ assignees: ''
 about: Create a report to help us improve
 ---

-<!--
-Please do not use the issue queue for questions or troubleshooting. Unless you are certain that your issue is a software defect, use the forum:
-
-https://discourse.gohugo.io
-->
  
 <!-- Please answer these questions before submitting your issue. Thanks! -->

--- a/.github/workflows/image.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/image.yml
@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-name: Build Docker image
-
-on:
-  release:
-    types: [published]
-  pull_request:
-permissions:
-  packages: write
-
-env:
-  REGISTRY_IMAGE: ghcr.io/gohugoio/hugo
-
-jobs:
-  build:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332 # v4.1.7
-
-      - name: Docker meta
-        id: meta
-        uses: docker/metadata-action@8e5442c4ef9f78752691e2d8f8d19755c6f78e81 # v5.5.1
-        with:
-          images: ${{ env.REGISTRY_IMAGE }}
-
-      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@988b5a0280414f521da01fcc63a27aeeb4b104db # v3.6.1
-
-      - name: Login to GHCR
-        # Login is only needed when the image is pushed
-        uses: docker/login-action@9780b0c442fbb1117ed29e0efdff1e18412f7567 # v3.3.0
-        with:
-          registry: ghcr.io
-          username: ${{ github.repository_owner }}
-          password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-
-      - name: Build and push
-        id: build
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@16ebe778df0e7752d2cfcbd924afdbbd89c1a755 # v6.6.1
-        with:
-          context: .
-          provenance: mode=max
-          sbom: true
-          push: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' }}
-          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64
-          tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }}
-          labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
-          build-args: HUGO_BUILD_TAGS=extended,withdeploy
--- a/.github/workflows/stale.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/stale.yml
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ jobs:
      pull-requests: write
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: dessant/lock-threads@7de207be1d3ce97a9abe6ff1306222982d1ca9f9 # v5.0.1
+      - uses: dessant/lock-threads@08e671be8ac8944d0e132aa71d0ae8ccfb347675
        with:
          issue-inactive-days: 21
          add-issue-labels: 'Outdated'
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:
            This pull request has been automatically locked since there
            has not been any recent activity after it was closed.
            Please open a new issue for related bugs.
-      - uses: actions/stale@28ca1036281a5e5922ead5184a1bbf96e5fc984e # v9.0.0
+      - uses: actions/stale@04a1828bc18ada028d85a0252a47cd2963a91abe
        with:
          operations-per-run: 999
          days-before-issue-stale: 365
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@ -6,37 +6,24 @@ name: Test
 env:
    GOPROXY: https://proxy.golang.org
    GO111MODULE: on
-  SASS_VERSION: 1.80.3
-  DART_SASS_SHA_LINUX: 7c933edbad0a7d389192c5b79393485c088bd2c4398e32f5754c32af006a9ffd
-  DART_SASS_SHA_MACOS: 79e060b0e131c3bb3c16926bafc371dc33feab122bfa8c01aa337a072097967b
-  DART_SASS_SHA_WINDOWS: 0bc4708b37cd1bac4740e83ac5e3176e66b774f77fd5dd364da5b5cfc9bfb469
+    DART_SASS_VERSION: 1.56.2
+    DART_SASS_SHA_LINUX: 9e4f455f7b8619959d7878af2862383be58392eb963a14ff87cc512c03701e2a
+    DART_SASS_SHA_MACOS: 5992e979e2c30ec363f8e338822bb2b4443c74232b3340501a76180f5652cb09
+    DART_SASS_SHA_WINDOWS: 8d3d9117c54840e3e6a4919e43acf75ea52f28a64fc87a8e29d80ec72ee36cfb
 permissions:
  contents: read
 jobs:
  test:
    strategy:
      matrix:
-        go-version: [1.23.x, 1.24.x]
-        os: [ubuntu-latest, windows-latest] # macos disabled for now because of disk space issues.
+        go-version: [1.19.x,1.20.x]
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    steps:
-      - if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
-        name: Free Disk Space (Ubuntu)
-        uses: jlumbroso/free-disk-space@54081f138730dfa15788a46383842cd2f914a1be # v1.3.1
-        with:
-          # this might remove tools that are actually needed,
-          # if set to "true" but frees about 6 GB
-          tool-cache: false
-          android: true
-          dotnet: true
-          haskell: true
-          large-packages: true
-          docker-images: true
-          swap-storage: true
    - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332 # v4.1.7
+      uses: actions/checkout@93ea575cb5d8a053eaa0ac8fa3b40d7e05a33cc8
    - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@0a12ed9d6a96ab950c8f026ed9f722fe0da7ef32 # v5.0.2
+      uses: actions/setup-go@268d8c0ca0432bb2cf416faae41297df9d262d7f
      with:
        go-version: ${{ matrix.go-version }}
        check-latest: true
@ -45,22 +32,22 @@ jobs:
          **/go.sum
          **/go.mod
    - name: Install Ruby
-        uses: ruby/setup-ruby@a6e6f86333f0a2523ece813039b8b4be04560854 # v1.190.0
+      uses: ruby/setup-ruby@ee2113536afb7f793eed4ce60e8d3b26db912da4
      with:
-          ruby-version: "2.7"
+        ruby-version: '2.7' 
        bundler-cache: true #
    - name: Install Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@39cd14951b08e74b54015e9e001cdefcf80e669f # v5.1.1
+      uses: actions/setup-python@3105fb18c05ddd93efea5f9e0bef7a03a6e9e7df
      with:
-          python-version: "3.x"
+        python-version: '3.x'
    - name: Install Mage
-        run: go install github.com/magefile/mage@v1.15.0
+      run: go install github.com/magefile/mage@07afc7d24f4d6d6442305d49552f04fbda5ccb3e
    - name: Install asciidoctor
-        uses: reitzig/actions-asciidoctor@c642db5eedd1d729bb8c92034770d0b2f769eda6 # v2.0.2
+      uses: reitzig/actions-asciidoctor@7570212ae20b63653481675fb1ff62d1073632b0
    - name: Install docutils
      run: |
        pip install docutils
-          rst2html --version
+        rst2html.py --version
    - if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
      name: Install pandoc on Linux
      run: |
@ -71,62 +58,37 @@ jobs:
        brew install pandoc
    - if: matrix.os == 'windows-latest'
      run: |
-          choco install pandoc
+        Choco-Install -PackageName pandoc
    - run: pandoc -v
    - if: matrix.os == 'windows-latest'
      run: |
-          choco install mingw
+        Choco-Install -PackageName mingw -ArgumentList "--version","10.2.0","--allow-downgrade"
    - if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
-        name: Install dart-sass Linux
+      name: Install dart-sass-embedded Linux
      run: |
-          echo "Install Dart Sass version ${SASS_VERSION} ..."
-          curl -LJO "https://github.com/sass/dart-sass/releases/download/${SASS_VERSION}/dart-sass-${SASS_VERSION}-linux-x64.tar.gz";
-          echo "${DART_SASS_SHA_LINUX}  dart-sass-${SASS_VERSION}-linux-x64.tar.gz" | sha256sum -c;
-          tar -xvf "dart-sass-${SASS_VERSION}-linux-x64.tar.gz";
-          echo "$GOBIN"
-          echo "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/dart-sass/" >> $GITHUB_PATH
+        echo "Install Dart Sass version ${DART_SASS_VERSION} ..."
+        curl -LJO "https://github.com/sass/dart-sass-embedded/releases/download/${DART_SASS_VERSION}/sass_embedded-${DART_SASS_VERSION}-linux-x64.tar.gz";
+        echo "${DART_SASS_SHA_LINUX}  sass_embedded-${DART_SASS_VERSION}-linux-x64.tar.gz" | sha256sum -c;
+        tar -xvf "sass_embedded-${DART_SASS_VERSION}-linux-x64.tar.gz";
+        echo "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/sass_embedded/" >> $GITHUB_PATH
    - if: matrix.os == 'macos-latest'
-        name: Install dart-sass MacOS
+      name: Install dart-sass-embedded MacOS
      run: |
-          echo "Install Dart Sass version ${SASS_VERSION} ..."
-          curl -LJO "https://github.com/sass/dart-sass/releases/download/${SASS_VERSION}/dart-sass-${SASS_VERSION}-macos-x64.tar.gz";
-          echo "${DART_SASS_SHA_MACOS}  dart-sass-${SASS_VERSION}-macos-x64.tar.gz" | shasum -a 256 -c;
-          tar -xvf "dart-sass-${SASS_VERSION}-macos-x64.tar.gz";
-          echo "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/dart-sass/" >> $GITHUB_PATH
+        echo "Install Dart Sass version ${DART_SASS_VERSION} ..."
+        curl -LJO "https://github.com/sass/dart-sass-embedded/releases/download/${DART_SASS_VERSION}/sass_embedded-${DART_SASS_VERSION}-macos-x64.tar.gz";
+        echo "${DART_SASS_SHA_MACOS}  sass_embedded-${DART_SASS_VERSION}-macos-x64.tar.gz" | shasum -a 256 -c;
+        tar -xvf "sass_embedded-${DART_SASS_VERSION}-macos-x64.tar.gz";
+        echo "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/sass_embedded/" >> $GITHUB_PATH
    - if: matrix.os == 'windows-latest'
-        name: Install dart-sass Windows
+      name: Install dart-sass-embedded Windows
      run: |
-          echo "Install Dart Sass version ${env:SASS_VERSION} ..."
-          curl -LJO "https://github.com/sass/dart-sass/releases/download/${env:SASS_VERSION}/dart-sass-${env:SASS_VERSION}-windows-x64.zip";
-          Expand-Archive -Path "dart-sass-${env:SASS_VERSION}-windows-x64.zip" -DestinationPath .;
-          echo  "$env:GITHUB_WORKSPACE/dart-sass/" | Out-File -FilePath $Env:GITHUB_PATH -Encoding utf-8 -Append
-      - if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
-        name: Install staticcheck
-        run: go install honnef.co/go/tools/cmd/staticcheck@latest
-      - if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
-        name: Run staticcheck
-        run: staticcheck ./...
-      - if: matrix.os != 'windows-latest'
-        name: Check
+        echo "Install Dart Sass version ${env:DART_SASS_VERSION} ..."
+        curl -LJO "https://github.com/sass/dart-sass-embedded/releases/download/${env:DART_SASS_VERSION}/sass_embedded-${env:DART_SASS_VERSION}-windows-x64.zip";
+        Expand-Archive -Path "sass_embedded-${env:DART_SASS_VERSION}-windows-x64.zip" -DestinationPath .;
+        echo  "$env:GITHUB_WORKSPACE/sass_embedded/" | Out-File -FilePath $Env:GITHUB_PATH -Encoding utf-8 -Append
+    - name: Check
      run: |
-          sass --version;
        mage -v check;
      env:
-          HUGO_BUILD_TAGS: extended,withdeploy
-      - if: matrix.os == 'windows-latest'
-        # See issue #11052. We limit the build to regular test (no -race flag) on Windows for now.
-        name: Test
-        run: |
-          mage -v test;
-        env:
-          HUGO_BUILD_TAGS: extended,withdeploy
-      - name: Build tags
-        run: |
-          go install -tags extended
-      - if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
-        name: Build for dragonfly
-        run: |
-          go install
-        env:
-          GOARCH: amd64
-          GOOS: dragonfly
+        HUGO_BUILD_TAGS: extended
+
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@ -1,6 +1,3 @@

 *.test
 imports.*
-dist/
-public/
-.DS_Store 
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
->**Note:** We would appreciate if you hold on with any big refactoring (like renaming deprecated Go packages), mainly because of potential for extra merge work for future coming in in the near future.
+>**Note:** We would apprecitate if you hold on with any big refactorings (like renaming deprecated Go packages), mainly because of potential for extra merge work for future coming in in the near future.

 # Contributing to Hugo

@ -93,7 +93,6 @@ Most title/subjects should have a lower-cased prefix with a colon and one whites
 * If this commit touches many packages without a common functional topic, prefix with `all:` (e.g. `all: Reformat Go code`)
 * If this is a documentation update, prefix with `docs:`.
 * If nothing of the above applies, just leave the prefix out.
-* Note that the above excludes nouns seen in other repositories, e.g. "chore:".

 Also, if your commit references one or more GitHub issues, always end your commit message body with *See #1234* or *Fixes #1234*.
 Replace *1234* with the GitHub issue ID. The last example will close the issue when the commit is merged into *master*.
@ -123,6 +122,8 @@ cd hugo
 go install
 ```

+>Note: Some Go tools may not be fully updated to support Go Modules yet. One example would be LiteIDE. Follow [this workaround](https://github.com/visualfc/liteide/issues/986#issuecomment-428117702) for how to continue to work with Hugo below `GOPATH`.
+
 For some convenient build and test targets, you also will want to install Mage:

 ```bash
--- a/102
+++ b/102
@ -2,98 +2,44 @@
 # Twitter:      https://twitter.com/gohugoio
 # Website:      https://gohugo.io/

-ARG GO_VERSION="1.24"
-ARG ALPINE_VERSION="3.22"
-ARG DART_SASS_VERSION="1.79.3"
+FROM golang:1.19-alpine AS build

-FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM tonistiigi/xx:1.5.0 AS xx
-FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM golang:${GO_VERSION}-alpine${ALPINE_VERSION} AS gobuild
-FROM golang:${GO_VERSION}-alpine${ALPINE_VERSION} AS gorun
+# Optionally set HUGO_BUILD_TAGS to "extended" or "nodeploy" when building like so:
+#   docker build --build-arg HUGO_BUILD_TAGS=extended .
+ARG HUGO_BUILD_TAGS

-
-FROM gobuild AS build
-
-RUN apk add clang lld
-
-# Set up cross-compilation helpers
-COPY --from=xx / /
-
-ARG TARGETPLATFORM
-RUN xx-apk add musl-dev gcc g++
-
-# Optionally set HUGO_BUILD_TAGS to "none" or "withdeploy" when building like so:
-# docker build --build-arg HUGO_BUILD_TAGS=withdeploy .
-#
-# We build the extended version by default.
-ARG HUGO_BUILD_TAGS="extended"
-ENV CGO_ENABLED=1
-ENV GOPROXY=https://proxy.golang.org
-ENV GOCACHE=/root/.cache/go-build
-ENV GOMODCACHE=/go/pkg/mod
-ARG TARGETPLATFORM
+ARG CGO=1
+ENV CGO_ENABLED=${CGO}
+ENV GOOS=linux
+ENV GO111MODULE=on

 WORKDIR /go/src/github.com/gohugoio/hugo

-# For  --mount=type=cache the value of target is the default cache id, so
-# for the go mod cache it would be good if we could share it with other Go images using the same setup,
-# but the go build cache needs to be per platform.
-# See this comment: https://github.com/moby/buildkit/issues/1706#issuecomment-702238282
-RUN --mount=target=. \
-    --mount=type=cache,target=/go/pkg/mod \
-    --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/go-build,id=go-build-$TARGETPLATFORM <<EOT
-    set -ex
-    xx-go build -tags "$HUGO_BUILD_TAGS" -ldflags "-s -w -X github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo.vendorInfo=docker" -o /usr/bin/hugo
-    xx-verify /usr/bin/hugo
-EOT
+COPY . /go/src/github.com/gohugoio/hugo/

-# dart-sass downloads the dart-sass runtime dependency
-FROM alpine:${ALPINE_VERSION} AS dart-sass
-ARG TARGETARCH
-ARG DART_SASS_VERSION
-ARG DART_ARCH=${TARGETARCH/amd64/x64}
-WORKDIR /out
-ADD https://github.com/sass/dart-sass/releases/download/${DART_SASS_VERSION}/dart-sass-${DART_SASS_VERSION}-linux-${DART_ARCH}.tar.gz .
-RUN tar -xf dart-sass-${DART_SASS_VERSION}-linux-${DART_ARCH}.tar.gz
+# gcc/g++ are required to build SASS libraries for extended version
+RUN apk update && \
+    apk add --no-cache gcc g++ musl-dev git && \
+    go install github.com/magefile/mage

-FROM gorun AS final
+RUN mage hugo && mage install

-COPY --from=build /usr/bin/hugo /usr/bin/hugo
+# ---

-# libc6-compat  are required for extended libraries (libsass, libwebp).
-RUN apk add --no-cache \
-    libc6-compat \
-    git \
-    runuser \
-    nodejs \
-    npm
+FROM alpine:3.16

-RUN mkdir -p /var/hugo/bin /cache && \
-    addgroup -Sg 1000 hugo && \
-    adduser -Sg hugo -u 1000 -h /var/hugo hugo && \
-    chown -R hugo: /var/hugo /cache && \
-    # For the Hugo's Git integration to work.
-    runuser -u hugo -- git config --global --add safe.directory /project && \
-    # See https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues/9810
-    runuser -u hugo -- git config --global core.quotepath false
+COPY --from=build /go/bin/hugo /usr/bin/hugo

-USER hugo:hugo
-VOLUME /project
-WORKDIR /project
-ENV HUGO_CACHEDIR=/cache
-ENV PATH="/var/hugo/bin:$PATH"
+# libc6-compat & libstdc++ are required for extended SASS libraries
+# ca-certificates are required to fetch outside resources (like Twitter oEmbeds)
+RUN apk update && \
+    apk add --no-cache ca-certificates libc6-compat libstdc++ git

-COPY scripts/docker/entrypoint.sh /entrypoint.sh
-COPY --from=dart-sass /out/dart-sass /var/hugo/bin/dart-sass
-
-# Update PATH to reflect the new dependencies.
-# For more complex setups, we should probably find a way to
-# delegate this to the script itself, but this will have to do for now.
-# Also, the dart-sass binary is a little special, other binaries can be put/linked
-# directly in /var/hugo/bin.
-ENV PATH="/var/hugo/bin/dart-sass:$PATH"
+VOLUME /site
+WORKDIR /site

 # Expose port for live server
 EXPOSE 1313

-ENTRYPOINT ["/entrypoint.sh"]
+ENTRYPOINT ["hugo"]
 CMD ["--help"]
--- a/2
+++ b/2
@ -186,7 +186,7 @@
      same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
      identification within third-party archives.

-   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
+   Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors.

   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -1,282 +1,243 @@
-[bep]: https://github.com/bep
-[bugs]: https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3ABug
-[contributing]: CONTRIBUTING.md
-[create a proposal]: https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues/new?labels=Proposal%2C+NeedsTriage&template=feature_request.md
-[documentation repository]: https://github.com/gohugoio/hugoDocs
-[documentation]: https://gohugo.io/documentation
-[dragonfly bsd, freebsd, netbsd, and openbsd]: https://gohugo.io/installation/bsd
-[features]: https://gohugo.io/about/features/
-[forum]: https://discourse.gohugo.io
-[friends]: https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/graphs/contributors
-[go]: https://go.dev/
-[hugo modules]: https://gohugo.io/hugo-modules/
-[installation]: https://gohugo.io/installation
-[issue queue]: https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues
-[linux]: https://gohugo.io/installation/linux
-[macos]: https://gohugo.io/installation/macos
-[prebuilt binary]: https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/releases/latest
-[requesting help]: https://discourse.gohugo.io/t/requesting-help/9132
-[spf13]: https://github.com/spf13
-[static site generator]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_site_generator
-[support]: https://discourse.gohugo.io
-[themes]: https://themes.gohugo.io/
-[website]: https://gohugo.io
-[windows]: https://gohugo.io/installation/windows
-
 <a href="https://gohugo.io/"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gohugoio/gohugoioTheme/master/static/images/hugo-logo-wide.svg?sanitize=true" alt="Hugo" width="565"></a>

-A fast and flexible static site generator built with love by [bep], [spf13], and [friends] in [Go].
+A Fast and Flexible Static Site Generator built with love by [bep](https://github.com/bep), [spf13](https://spf13.com/) and [friends](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/graphs/contributors) in [Go](https://go.dev/).

---
+[Website](https://gohugo.io) |
+[Forum](https://discourse.gohugo.io) |
+[Documentation](https://gohugo.io/getting-started/) |
+[Installation Guide](https://gohugo.io/getting-started/installing/) |
+[Contribution Guide](CONTRIBUTING.md) |
+[Twitter](https://twitter.com/gohugoio)

 [![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/gohugoio/hugo?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/gohugoio/hugo)
 [![Tests on Linux, MacOS and Windows](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/workflows/Test/badge.svg)](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/actions?query=workflow%3ATest)
 [![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/gohugoio/hugo)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/gohugoio/hugo)

-[Website] | [Installation] | [Documentation] | [Support] | [Contributing] | <a rel="me" href="https://fosstodon.org/@gohugoio">Mastodon</a>
+* [Overview](#overview)
+* [Banner Sponsors](#banner-sponsors)
+* [Supported Architectures](#supported-architectures)
+* [Choose How to Install](#choose-how-to-install)
+   * [Install Hugo as Your Site Generator (Binary Install)](#install-hugo-as-your-site-generator-binary-install)
+   * [Build and Install the Binary from Source (Using the Go toolchain)](#build-and-install-the-binary-from-source-using-the-go-toolchain)
+* [The Hugo Documentation](#the-hugo-documentation)
+* [Contributing to Hugo](#contributing-code-to-hugo)
+* [Dependencies](#dependencies)

 ## Overview

-Hugo is a [static site generator] written in [Go], optimized for speed and designed for flexibility. With its advanced templating system and fast asset pipelines, Hugo renders a complete site in seconds, often less.
+Hugo is a static HTML and CSS website generator written in [Go](https://go.dev/).
+It is optimized for speed, ease of use, and configurability.
+Hugo takes a directory with content and templates and renders them into a full HTML website.

-Due to its flexible framework, multilingual support, and powerful taxonomy system, Hugo is widely used to create:
+Hugo relies on Markdown files with front matter for metadata, and you can run Hugo from any directory.
+This works well for shared hosts and other systems where you don’t have a privileged account.

- Corporate, government, nonprofit, education, news, event, and project sites
- Documentation sites
- Image portfolios
- Landing pages
- Business, professional, and personal blogs
- Resumes and CVs
+Hugo renders a typical website of moderate size in a fraction of a second.
+A good rule of thumb is that each piece of content renders in around 1 millisecond.

-Use Hugo's embedded web server during development to instantly see changes to content, structure, behavior, and presentation. Then deploy the site to your host, or push changes to your Git provider for automated builds and deployment.
-
-Hugo's fast asset pipelines include:
-
- Image processing &ndash; Convert, resize, crop, rotate, adjust colors, apply filters, overlay text and images, and extract EXIF data
- JavaScript bundling &ndash; Transpile TypeScript and JSX to JavaScript, bundle, tree shake, minify, create source maps, and perform SRI hashing.
- Sass processing &ndash; Transpile Sass to CSS, bundle, tree shake, minify, create source maps, perform SRI hashing, and integrate with PostCSS
- Tailwind CSS processing &ndash; Compile Tailwind CSS utility classes into standard CSS, bundle, tree shake, optimize, minify, perform SRI hashing, and integrate with PostCSS
-
-And with [Hugo Modules], you can share content, assets, data, translations, themes, templates, and configuration with other projects via public or private Git repositories.
-
-See the [features] section of the documentation for a comprehensive summary of Hugo's capabilities.
-
-## Sponsors
+Hugo is designed to work well for any kind of website including blogs, tumbles, and docs.

+## Banner Sponsors
 <p>&nbsp;</p>
 <p float="left">
-  <a href="https://www.linode.com/?utm_campaign=hugosponsor&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hugogithub" target="_blank"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gohugoio/hugoDocs/master/assets/images/sponsors/linode-logo_standard_light_medium.png" width="200" alt="Linode"></a>
-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
-  <a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/go/?utm_source=OSS&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=hugo" target="_blank"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gohugoio/hugoDocs/master/assets/images/sponsors/goland.svg" width="200" alt="The complete IDE crafted for professional Go developers."></a>
-  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
-  <a href="https://pinme.eth.limo/?s=hugo" target="_blank"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gohugoio/hugoDocs/master/assets/images/sponsors/logo-pinme.svg" width="200" alt="PinMe."></a>
-</p>
+  <a href="https://www.linode.com/?utm_campaign=hugosponsor&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hugogithub" target="_blank"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gohugoio/gohugoioTheme/master/assets/images/sponsors/linode-logo_standard_light_medium.png" width="200" alt="Linode"></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+<p>&nbsp;</p>

-## Editions
+## Supported Architectures

-Hugo is available in three editions: standard, extended, and extended/deploy. While the standard edition provides core functionality, the extended and extended/deploy editions offer advanced features.
+Currently, we provide pre-built Hugo binaries for Windows, Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, DragonFly BSD, OpenBSD, macOS (Darwin), and [Android](https://gist.github.com/bep/a0d8a26cf6b4f8bc992729b8e50b480b) for x64, i386 and ARM architectures.

-Feature|extended edition|extended/deploy edition
-:--|:-:|:-:
-Encode to the WebP format when [processing images]. You can decode WebP images with any edition.|:heavy_check_mark:|:heavy_check_mark:
-[Transpile Sass to CSS] using the embedded LibSass transpiler. You can use the [Dart Sass] transpiler with any edition.|:heavy_check_mark:|:heavy_check_mark:
-Deploy your site directly to a Google Cloud Storage bucket, an AWS S3 bucket, or an Azure Storage container. See&nbsp;[details].|:x:|:heavy_check_mark:
+Hugo may also be compiled from source wherever the Go compiler tool chain can run, e.g. for other operating systems including Plan 9 and Solaris.

-[dart sass]: https://gohugo.io/functions/css/sass/#dart-sass
-[processing images]: https://gohugo.io/content-management/image-processing/
-[transpile sass to css]: https://gohugo.io/functions/css/sass/
-[details]: https://gohugo.io/hosting-and-deployment/hugo-deploy/
+**Complete documentation is available at [Hugo Documentation](https://gohugo.io/getting-started/).**

-Unless your specific deployment needs require the extended/deploy edition, we recommend the extended edition.
+## Choose How to Install

-## Installation
+If you want to use Hugo as your site generator, simply install the Hugo binaries.

-Install Hugo from a [prebuilt binary], package manager, or package repository. Please see the installation instructions for your operating system:
+To contribute to the Hugo source code or documentation, you should [fork the Hugo GitHub project](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo#fork-destination-box) and clone it to your local machine.

- [macOS]
- [Linux]
- [Windows]
- [DragonFly BSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD]
+Finally, you can install the Hugo source code with `go`, build the binaries yourself, and run Hugo that way.
+Building the binaries is an easy task for an experienced `go` getter.

-## Build from source
+### Install Hugo as Your Site Generator (Binary Install)

-Prerequisites to build Hugo from source:
+Use the [installation instructions in the Hugo documentation](https://gohugo.io/getting-started/installing/).

- Standard edition: Go 1.23.0 or later
- Extended edition: Go 1.23.0 or later, and GCC
- Extended/deploy edition: Go 1.23.0 or later, and GCC
+### Build and Install the Binary from Source (Using the Go toolchain)

-Build the standard edition:
+#### Prerequisite Tools

-```text
+* [Go (we test it with the last 2 major versions; but note that Hugo 0.95.0 only builds with >= Go 1.18.)](https://golang.org/dl/)
+
+#### Fetch from GitHub
+
+To fetch, build and install from the Github source:
+
+```bash
 go install github.com/gohugoio/hugo@latest
 ```

-Build the extended edition:
+If you want to compile with Sass/SCSS support use `-tags extended` and make sure `CGO_ENABLED=1` is set in your go environment. If you don't want to have CGO enabled, you may use the following command to temporarily enable CGO only for hugo compilation:

-```text
+```bash
 CGO_ENABLED=1 go install -tags extended github.com/gohugoio/hugo@latest
 ```

-Build the extended/deploy edition:
+## The Hugo Documentation

-```text
-CGO_ENABLED=1 go install -tags extended,withdeploy github.com/gohugoio/hugo@latest
+The Hugo documentation now lives in its own repository, see https://github.com/gohugoio/hugoDocs. But we do keep a version of that documentation as a `git subtree` in this repository. To build the sub folder `/docs` as a Hugo site, you need to clone this repo:
+
+```bash
+git clone git@github.com:gohugoio/hugo.git
 ```
-
-## Star History
-
-[![Star History Chart](https://api.star-history.com/svg?repos=gohugoio/hugo&type=Timeline)](https://star-history.com/#gohugoio/hugo&Timeline)
-
-## Documentation
-
-Hugo's [documentation] includes installation instructions, a quick start guide, conceptual explanations, reference information, and examples.
-
-Please submit documentation issues and pull requests to the [documentation repository].
-
-## Support
-
-Please **do not use the issue queue** for questions or troubleshooting. Unless you are certain that your issue is a software defect, use the [forum].
-
-Hugo’s [forum] is an active community of users and developers who answer questions, share knowledge, and provide examples. A quick search of over 20,000 topics will often answer your question. Please be sure to read about [requesting help] before asking your first question.
-
-## Contributing
-
-You can contribute to the Hugo project by:
-
- Answering questions on the [forum]
- Improving the [documentation]
- Monitoring the [issue queue]
- Creating or improving [themes]
- Squashing [bugs]
-
-Please submit documentation issues and pull requests to the [documentation repository].
-
-If you have an idea for an enhancement or new feature, create a new topic on the [forum] in the "Feature" category. This will help you to:
-
- Determine if the capability already exists
- Measure interest
- Refine the concept
-
-If there is sufficient interest, [create a proposal]. Do not submit a pull request until the project lead accepts the proposal.
+## Contributing code to Hugo

 For a complete guide to contributing to Hugo, see the [Contribution Guide](CONTRIBUTING.md).

+We welcome contributions to Hugo of any kind including documentation, themes,
+organization, tutorials, blog posts, bug reports, issues, feature requests,
+feature implementations, pull requests, answering questions on the forum,
+helping to manage issues, etc.
+
+The Hugo community and maintainers are [very active](https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/pulse/monthly) and helpful, and the project benefits greatly from this activity.
+
+## Asking Support Questions
+
+We have an active [discussion forum](https://discourse.gohugo.io) where users and developers can ask questions.
+Please don't use the GitHub issue tracker to ask questions.
+
+## Reporting Issues
+
+If you believe you have found a defect in Hugo or its documentation, use
+the GitHub issue tracker to report the problem to the Hugo maintainers.
+If you're not sure if it's a bug or not, start by asking in the [discussion forum](https://discourse.gohugo.io).
+When reporting the issue, please provide the version of Hugo in use (`hugo version`).
+
 ## Dependencies

-Hugo stands on the shoulders of great open source libraries. Run `hugo env --logLevel info` to display a list of dependencies.
+Hugo stands on the shoulder of many great open source libraries.

-<details>
-<summary>See current dependencies</summary>
+If you run `hugo env -v` you will get a complete and up to date list.

-```text
+In Hugo 0.111.2 that list is, in lexical order:
+
+```
+cloud.google.com/go/compute="v1.6.1"
+cloud.google.com/go/iam="v0.3.0"
+cloud.google.com/go/storage="v1.22.0"
+cloud.google.com/go="v0.101.0"
+github.com/Azure/azure-pipeline-go="v0.2.3"
+github.com/Azure/azure-storage-blob-go="v0.14.0"
+github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest/adal="v0.9.15"
+github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest/date="v0.3.0"
+github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest="v0.11.20"
+github.com/Azure/go-autorest/logger="v0.2.1"
+github.com/Azure/go-autorest/tracing="v0.6.0"
 github.com/BurntSushi/locker="v0.0.0-20171006230638-a6e239ea1c69"
-github.com/PuerkitoBio/goquery="v1.10.1"
-github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2="v2.15.0"
-github.com/andybalholm/cascadia="v1.3.3"
-github.com/armon/go-radix="v1.0.1-0.20221118154546-54df44f2176c"
-github.com/bep/clocks="v0.5.0"
+github.com/PuerkitoBio/purell="v1.1.1"
+github.com/PuerkitoBio/urlesc="v0.0.0-20170810143723-de5bf2ad4578"
+github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2="v2.5.0"
+github.com/armon/go-radix="v1.0.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config="v1.7.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials="v1.4.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds="v1.5.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini="v1.2.2"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url="v1.3.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso="v1.4.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts="v1.7.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2="v1.9.0"
+github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go="v1.43.5"
+github.com/aws/smithy-go="v1.8.0"
+github.com/bep/clock="v0.3.0"
 github.com/bep/debounce="v1.2.0"
-github.com/bep/gitmap="v1.6.0"
+github.com/bep/gitmap="v1.1.2"
 github.com/bep/goat="v0.5.0"
-github.com/bep/godartsass/v2="v2.3.2"
-github.com/bep/golibsass="v1.2.0"
-github.com/bep/gowebp="v0.3.0"
-github.com/bep/imagemeta="v0.8.4"
-github.com/bep/lazycache="v0.7.0"
-github.com/bep/logg="v0.4.0"
-github.com/bep/mclib="v1.20400.20402"
-github.com/bep/overlayfs="v0.9.2"
-github.com/bep/simplecobra="v0.5.0"
+github.com/bep/godartsass="v0.16.0"
+github.com/bep/golibsass="v1.1.0"
+github.com/bep/gowebp="v0.2.0"
+github.com/bep/lazycache="v0.2.0"
+github.com/bep/overlayfs="v0.6.0"
 github.com/bep/tmc="v0.5.1"
-github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2="v2.3.0"
-github.com/clbanning/mxj/v2="v2.7.0"
-github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2="v2.0.4"
+github.com/clbanning/mxj/v2="v2.5.7"
+github.com/cli/safeexec="v1.0.0"
+github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2="v2.0.2"
 github.com/disintegration/gift="v1.2.1"
-github.com/dlclark/regexp2="v1.11.5"
-github.com/dop251/goja="v0.0.0-20250125213203-5ef83b82af17"
-github.com/evanw/esbuild="v0.24.2"
-github.com/fatih/color="v1.18.0"
-github.com/frankban/quicktest="v1.14.6"
-github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify="v1.8.0"
-github.com/getkin/kin-openapi="v0.129.0"
+github.com/dlclark/regexp2="v1.7.0"
+github.com/dustin/go-humanize="v1.0.0"
+github.com/evanw/esbuild="v0.17.0"
+github.com/frankban/quicktest="v1.14.4"
+github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify="v1.6.0"
+github.com/getkin/kin-openapi="v0.110.0"
 github.com/ghodss/yaml="v1.0.0"
-github.com/go-openapi/jsonpointer="v0.21.0"
-github.com/go-openapi/swag="v0.23.0"
-github.com/go-sourcemap/sourcemap="v2.1.4+incompatible"
-github.com/gobuffalo/flect="v1.0.3"
+github.com/go-openapi/jsonpointer="v0.19.5"
+github.com/go-openapi/swag="v0.19.5"
+github.com/gobuffalo/flect="v0.3.0"
 github.com/gobwas/glob="v0.2.3"
-github.com/gohugoio/go-i18n/v2="v2.1.3-0.20230805085216-e63c13218d0e"
-github.com/gohugoio/hashstructure="v0.5.0"
-github.com/gohugoio/httpcache="v0.7.0"
-github.com/gohugoio/hugo-goldmark-extensions/extras="v0.2.0"
-github.com/gohugoio/hugo-goldmark-extensions/passthrough="v0.3.0"
+github.com/gohugoio/go-i18n/v2="v2.1.3-0.20210430103248-4c28c89f8013"
 github.com/gohugoio/locales="v0.14.0"
 github.com/gohugoio/localescompressed="v1.0.1"
-github.com/golang/freetype="v0.0.0-20170609003504-e2365dfdc4a0"
-github.com/google/go-cmp="v0.6.0"
-github.com/google/pprof="v0.0.0-20250208200701-d0013a598941"
-github.com/gorilla/websocket="v1.5.3"
-github.com/hairyhenderson/go-codeowners="v0.7.0"
-github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru/v2="v2.0.7"
+github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4="v4.0.0"
+github.com/golang/groupcache="v0.0.0-20210331224755-41bb18bfe9da"
+github.com/golang/protobuf="v1.5.2"
+github.com/google/go-cmp="v0.5.9"
+github.com/google/uuid="v1.3.0"
+github.com/google/wire="v0.5.0"
+github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2="v2.3.0"
+github.com/googleapis/go-type-adapters="v1.0.0"
+github.com/gorilla/websocket="v1.5.0"
+github.com/hairyhenderson/go-codeowners="v0.2.3-0.20201026200250-cdc7c0759690"
+github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru/v2="v2.0.1"
+github.com/invopop/yaml="v0.1.0"
 github.com/jdkato/prose="v1.2.1"
-github.com/josharian/intern="v1.0.0"
+github.com/jmespath/go-jmespath="v0.4.0"
 github.com/kr/pretty="v0.3.1"
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-github.com/kyokomi/emoji/v2="v2.2.13"
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+github.com/kyokomi/emoji/v2="v2.2.11"
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+github.com/marekm4/color-extractor="v1.2.0"
+github.com/mattn/go-ieproxy="v0.0.1"
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 github.com/mattn/go-runewidth="v0.0.9"
-github.com/mazznoer/csscolorparser="v0.1.5"
-github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure="v1.5.1-0.20231216201459-8508981c8b6c"
+github.com/mitchellh/hashstructure="v1.1.0"
+github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure="v1.5.0"
 github.com/mohae/deepcopy="v0.0.0-20170929034955-c48cc78d4826"
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-github.com/niklasfasching/go-org="v1.7.0"
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+github.com/niklasfasching/go-org="v1.6.5"
 github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter="v0.0.5"
-github.com/pbnjay/memory="v0.0.0-20210728143218-7b4eea64cf58"
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+google.golang.org/grpc="v1.46.0"
+google.golang.org/protobuf="v1.28.1"
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2="v2.4.0"
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3="v3.0.1"
-oss.terrastruct.com/d2="v0.6.9"
-oss.terrastruct.com/util-go="v0.0.0-20241005222610-44c011a04896"
-rsc.io/qr="v0.2.0"
-software.sslmate.com/src/go-pkcs12="v0.2.0"
 ```
-</details>
--- a/SECURITY.md
+++ b/SECURITY.md
@ -4,4 +4,4 @@

 Please report (suspected) security vulnerabilities to **[bjorn.erik.pedersen@gmail.com](mailto:bjorn.erik.pedersen@gmail.com)**. You will receive a response from us within 48 hours. If we can confirm the issue, we will release a patch as soon as possible depending on the complexity of the issue but historically within days.

-Also see [Hugo's Security Model](https://gohugo.io/about/security/).
+Also see [Hugo's Security Model](https://gohugo.io/about/security-model/).
--- a/bench.sh
+++ b/bench.sh
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+# allow user to override go executable by running as GOEXE=xxx make ...
+GOEXE="${GOEXE-go}"
+
+# Convenience script to
+# - For a given branch
+# - Run  benchmark tests for a given package
+# - Do the same for master
+# - then compare the two runs with benchcmp
+
+benchFilter=".*"
+
+if (( $# < 2 ));
+  then
+    echo "USAGE: ./bench.sh <git-branch> <package-to-bench> (and <benchmark filter> (regexp, optional))"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+
+
+if [ $# -eq 3 ]; then
+  benchFilter=$3
+fi
+
+
+BRANCH=$1
+PACKAGE=$2
+
+git checkout $BRANCH
+"${GOEXE}" test -test.run=NONE -bench="$benchFilter" -test.benchmem=true ./$PACKAGE > /tmp/bench-$PACKAGE-$BRANCH.txt
+
+git checkout master
+"${GOEXE}" test -test.run=NONE -bench="$benchFilter" -test.benchmem=true ./$PACKAGE > /tmp/bench-$PACKAGE-master.txt
+
+
+benchcmp /tmp/bench-$PACKAGE-master.txt /tmp/bench-$PACKAGE-$BRANCH.txt
--- a/benchSite.sh
+++ b/benchSite.sh
@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# allow user to override go executable by running as GOEXE=xxx make ...
+GOEXE="${GOEXE-go}"
+
+# Send in a regexp matching the benchmarks you want to run, i.e. './benchSite.sh "YAML"'.
+# Note the quotes, which will be needed for more complex expressions.
+# The above will run all variations, but only for front matter YAML.
+
+echo "Running with BenchmarkSiteBuilding/${1}"
+
+"${GOEXE}" test -run="NONE" -bench="BenchmarkSiteBuilding/${1}" -test.benchmem=true ./hugolib -memprofile mem.prof -count 3 -cpuprofile cpu.prof
--- a/benchbep.sh
+++ b/benchbep.sh
@ -0,0 +1 @@
+gobench -package=./hugolib -bench="BenchmarkSiteNew/Deep_content_tree"
--- a/bepdock.sh
+++ b/bepdock.sh
@ -0,0 +1 @@
+docker run --rm --mount type=bind,source="$(pwd)",target=/hugo -w /hugo  -i -t bepsays/ci-goreleaser:1.11-2 /bin/bash
--- a/cache/docs.go
+++ b/cache/docs.go
@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-// Package cache contains the different cache implementations.
+// Package cache contains the differenct cache implementations.
 package cache
--- a/cache/dynacache/dynacache.go
+++ b/cache/dynacache/dynacache.go
@ -1,647 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package dynacache
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"fmt"
-	"math"
-	"path"
-	"regexp"
-	"runtime"
-	"sync"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/bep/lazycache"
-	"github.com/bep/logg"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/collections"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/rungroup"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/resource"
-)
-
-const minMaxSize = 10
-
-type KeyIdentity struct {
-	Key      any
-	Identity identity.Identity
-}
-
-// New creates a new cache.
-func New(opts Options) *Cache {
-	if opts.CheckInterval == 0 {
-		opts.CheckInterval = time.Second * 2
-	}
-
-	if opts.MaxSize == 0 {
-		opts.MaxSize = 100000
-	}
-	if opts.Log == nil {
-		panic("nil Log")
-	}
-
-	if opts.MinMaxSize == 0 {
-		opts.MinMaxSize = 30
-	}
-
-	stats := &stats{
-		opts:             opts,
-		adjustmentFactor: 1.0,
-		currentMaxSize:   opts.MaxSize,
-		availableMemory:  config.GetMemoryLimit(),
-	}
-
-	infol := opts.Log.InfoCommand("dynacache")
-
-	evictedIdentities := collections.NewStack[KeyIdentity]()
-
-	onEvict := func(k, v any) {
-		if !opts.Watching {
-			return
-		}
-		identity.WalkIdentitiesShallow(v, func(level int, id identity.Identity) bool {
-			evictedIdentities.Push(KeyIdentity{Key: k, Identity: id})
-			return false
-		})
-		resource.MarkStale(v)
-	}
-
-	c := &Cache{
-		partitions:        make(map[string]PartitionManager),
-		onEvict:           onEvict,
-		evictedIdentities: evictedIdentities,
-		opts:              opts,
-		stats:             stats,
-		infol:             infol,
-	}
-
-	c.stop = c.start()
-
-	return c
-}
-
-// Options for the cache.
-type Options struct {
-	Log           loggers.Logger
-	CheckInterval time.Duration
-	MaxSize       int
-	MinMaxSize    int
-	Watching      bool
-}
-
-// Options for a partition.
-type OptionsPartition struct {
-	// When to clear the this partition.
-	ClearWhen ClearWhen
-
-	// Weight is a number between 1 and 100 that indicates how, in general, how big this partition may get.
-	Weight int
-}
-
-func (o OptionsPartition) WeightFraction() float64 {
-	return float64(o.Weight) / 100
-}
-
-func (o OptionsPartition) CalculateMaxSize(maxSizePerPartition int) int {
-	return int(math.Floor(float64(maxSizePerPartition) * o.WeightFraction()))
-}
-
-// A dynamic partitioned cache.
-type Cache struct {
-	mu sync.RWMutex
-
-	partitions map[string]PartitionManager
-
-	onEvict           func(k, v any)
-	evictedIdentities *collections.Stack[KeyIdentity]
-
-	opts  Options
-	infol logg.LevelLogger
-
-	stats    *stats
-	stopOnce sync.Once
-	stop     func()
-}
-
-// DrainEvictedIdentities drains the evicted identities from the cache.
-func (c *Cache) DrainEvictedIdentities() []KeyIdentity {
-	return c.evictedIdentities.Drain()
-}
-
-// DrainEvictedIdentitiesMatching drains the evicted identities from the cache that match the given predicate.
-func (c *Cache) DrainEvictedIdentitiesMatching(predicate func(KeyIdentity) bool) []KeyIdentity {
-	return c.evictedIdentities.DrainMatching(predicate)
-}
-
-// ClearMatching clears all partition for which the predicate returns true.
-func (c *Cache) ClearMatching(predicatePartition func(k string, p PartitionManager) bool, predicateValue func(k, v any) bool) {
-	if predicatePartition == nil {
-		predicatePartition = func(k string, p PartitionManager) bool { return true }
-	}
-	if predicateValue == nil {
-		panic("nil predicateValue")
-	}
-	g := rungroup.Run[PartitionManager](context.Background(), rungroup.Config[PartitionManager]{
-		NumWorkers: len(c.partitions),
-		Handle: func(ctx context.Context, partition PartitionManager) error {
-			partition.clearMatching(predicateValue)
-			return nil
-		},
-	})
-
-	for k, p := range c.partitions {
-		if !predicatePartition(k, p) {
-			continue
-		}
-		g.Enqueue(p)
-	}
-
-	g.Wait()
-}
-
-// ClearOnRebuild prepares the cache for a new rebuild taking the given changeset into account.
-// predicate is optional and will clear any entry for which it returns true.
-func (c *Cache) ClearOnRebuild(predicate func(k, v any) bool, changeset ...identity.Identity) {
-	g := rungroup.Run[PartitionManager](context.Background(), rungroup.Config[PartitionManager]{
-		NumWorkers: len(c.partitions),
-		Handle: func(ctx context.Context, partition PartitionManager) error {
-			partition.clearOnRebuild(predicate, changeset...)
-			return nil
-		},
-	})
-
-	for _, p := range c.partitions {
-		g.Enqueue(p)
-	}
-
-	g.Wait()
-
-	// Clear any entries marked as stale above.
-	g = rungroup.Run[PartitionManager](context.Background(), rungroup.Config[PartitionManager]{
-		NumWorkers: len(c.partitions),
-		Handle: func(ctx context.Context, partition PartitionManager) error {
-			partition.clearStale()
-			return nil
-		},
-	})
-
-	for _, p := range c.partitions {
-		g.Enqueue(p)
-	}
-
-	g.Wait()
-}
-
-type keysProvider interface {
-	Keys() []string
-}
-
-// Keys returns a list of keys in all partitions.
-func (c *Cache) Keys(predicate func(s string) bool) []string {
-	if predicate == nil {
-		predicate = func(s string) bool { return true }
-	}
-	var keys []string
-	for pn, g := range c.partitions {
-		pkeys := g.(keysProvider).Keys()
-		for _, k := range pkeys {
-			p := path.Join(pn, k)
-			if predicate(p) {
-				keys = append(keys, p)
-			}
-		}
-
-	}
-	return keys
-}
-
-func calculateMaxSizePerPartition(maxItemsTotal, totalWeightQuantity, numPartitions int) int {
-	if numPartitions == 0 {
-		panic("numPartitions must be > 0")
-	}
-	if totalWeightQuantity == 0 {
-		panic("totalWeightQuantity must be > 0")
-	}
-
-	avgWeight := float64(totalWeightQuantity) / float64(numPartitions)
-	return int(math.Floor(float64(maxItemsTotal) / float64(numPartitions) * (100.0 / avgWeight)))
-}
-
-// Stop stops the cache.
-func (c *Cache) Stop() {
-	c.stopOnce.Do(func() {
-		c.stop()
-	})
-}
-
-func (c *Cache) adjustCurrentMaxSize() {
-	c.mu.RLock()
-	defer c.mu.RUnlock()
-
-	if len(c.partitions) == 0 {
-		return
-	}
-	var m runtime.MemStats
-	runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
-	s := c.stats
-	s.memstatsCurrent = m
-	// fmt.Printf("\n\nAvailable = %v\nAlloc = %v\nTotalAlloc = %v\nSys = %v\nNumGC = %v\nMaxSize = %d\nAdjustmentFactor=%f\n\n", helpers.FormatByteCount(s.availableMemory), helpers.FormatByteCount(m.Alloc), helpers.FormatByteCount(m.TotalAlloc), helpers.FormatByteCount(m.Sys), m.NumGC, c.stats.currentMaxSize, s.adjustmentFactor)
-
-	if s.availableMemory >= s.memstatsCurrent.Alloc {
-		if s.adjustmentFactor <= 1.0 {
-			s.adjustmentFactor += 0.2
-		}
-	} else {
-		// We're low on memory.
-		s.adjustmentFactor -= 0.4
-	}
-
-	if s.adjustmentFactor <= 0 {
-		s.adjustmentFactor = 0.05
-	}
-
-	if !s.adjustCurrentMaxSize() {
-		return
-	}
-
-	totalWeight := 0
-	for _, pm := range c.partitions {
-		totalWeight += pm.getOptions().Weight
-	}
-
-	maxSizePerPartition := calculateMaxSizePerPartition(c.stats.currentMaxSize, totalWeight, len(c.partitions))
-
-	evicted := 0
-	for _, p := range c.partitions {
-		evicted += p.adjustMaxSize(p.getOptions().CalculateMaxSize(maxSizePerPartition))
-	}
-
-	if evicted > 0 {
-		c.infol.
-			WithFields(
-				logg.Fields{
-					{Name: "evicted", Value: evicted},
-					{Name: "numGC", Value: m.NumGC},
-					{Name: "limit", Value: helpers.FormatByteCount(c.stats.availableMemory)},
-					{Name: "alloc", Value: helpers.FormatByteCount(m.Alloc)},
-					{Name: "totalAlloc", Value: helpers.FormatByteCount(m.TotalAlloc)},
-				},
-			).Logf("adjusted partitions' max size")
-	}
-}
-
-func (c *Cache) start() func() {
-	ticker := time.NewTicker(c.opts.CheckInterval)
-	quit := make(chan struct{})
-
-	go func() {
-		for {
-			select {
-			case <-ticker.C:
-				c.adjustCurrentMaxSize()
-				// Reset the ticker to avoid drift.
-				ticker.Reset(c.opts.CheckInterval)
-			case <-quit:
-				ticker.Stop()
-				return
-			}
-		}
-	}()
-
-	return func() {
-		close(quit)
-	}
-}
-
-var partitionNameRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^\/[a-zA-Z0-9]{4}(\/[a-zA-Z0-9]+)?(\/[a-zA-Z0-9]+)?`)
-
-// GetOrCreatePartition gets or creates a partition with the given name.
-func GetOrCreatePartition[K comparable, V any](c *Cache, name string, opts OptionsPartition) *Partition[K, V] {
-	if c == nil {
-		panic("nil Cache")
-	}
-	if opts.Weight < 1 || opts.Weight > 100 {
-		panic("invalid Weight, must be between 1 and 100")
-	}
-
-	if partitionNameRe.FindString(name) != name {
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("invalid partition name %q", name))
-	}
-
-	c.mu.RLock()
-	p, found := c.partitions[name]
-	c.mu.RUnlock()
-	if found {
-		return p.(*Partition[K, V])
-	}
-
-	c.mu.Lock()
-	defer c.mu.Unlock()
-
-	// Double check.
-	p, found = c.partitions[name]
-	if found {
-		return p.(*Partition[K, V])
-	}
-
-	// At this point, we don't know the number of partitions or their configuration, but
-	// this will be re-adjusted later.
-	const numberOfPartitionsEstimate = 10
-	maxSize := opts.CalculateMaxSize(c.opts.MaxSize / numberOfPartitionsEstimate)
-
-	onEvict := func(k K, v V) {
-		c.onEvict(k, v)
-	}
-
-	// Create a new partition and cache it.
-	partition := &Partition[K, V]{
-		c:       lazycache.New(lazycache.Options[K, V]{MaxEntries: maxSize, OnEvict: onEvict}),
-		maxSize: maxSize,
-		trace:   c.opts.Log.Logger().WithLevel(logg.LevelTrace).WithField("partition", name),
-		opts:    opts,
-	}
-
-	c.partitions[name] = partition
-
-	return partition
-}
-
-// Partition is a partition in the cache.
-type Partition[K comparable, V any] struct {
-	c *lazycache.Cache[K, V]
-
-	zero V
-
-	trace logg.LevelLogger
-	opts  OptionsPartition
-
-	maxSize int
-}
-
-// GetOrCreate gets or creates a value for the given key.
-func (p *Partition[K, V]) GetOrCreate(key K, create func(key K) (V, error)) (V, error) {
-	v, err := p.doGetOrCreate(key, create)
-	if err != nil {
-		return p.zero, err
-	}
-	if resource.StaleVersion(v) > 0 {
-		p.c.Delete(key)
-		return p.doGetOrCreate(key, create)
-	}
-	return v, err
-}
-
-func (p *Partition[K, V]) doGetOrCreate(key K, create func(key K) (V, error)) (V, error) {
-	v, _, err := p.c.GetOrCreate(key, create)
-	return v, err
-}
-
-func (p *Partition[K, V]) GetOrCreateWitTimeout(key K, duration time.Duration, create func(key K) (V, error)) (V, error) {
-	v, err := p.doGetOrCreateWitTimeout(key, duration, create)
-	if err != nil {
-		return p.zero, err
-	}
-	if resource.StaleVersion(v) > 0 {
-		p.c.Delete(key)
-		return p.doGetOrCreateWitTimeout(key, duration, create)
-	}
-	return v, err
-}
-
-// GetOrCreateWitTimeout gets or creates a value for the given key and times out if the create function
-// takes too long.
-func (p *Partition[K, V]) doGetOrCreateWitTimeout(key K, duration time.Duration, create func(key K) (V, error)) (V, error) {
-	resultch := make(chan V, 1)
-	errch := make(chan error, 1)
-
-	go func() {
-		var (
-			v   V
-			err error
-		)
-		defer func() {
-			if r := recover(); r != nil {
-				if rerr, ok := r.(error); ok {
-					err = rerr
-				} else {
-					err = fmt.Errorf("panic: %v", r)
-				}
-			}
-			if err != nil {
-				errch <- err
-			} else {
-				resultch <- v
-			}
-		}()
-		v, _, err = p.c.GetOrCreate(key, create)
-	}()
-
-	select {
-	case v := <-resultch:
-		return v, nil
-	case err := <-errch:
-		return p.zero, err
-	case <-time.After(duration):
-		return p.zero, &herrors.TimeoutError{
-			Duration: duration,
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func (p *Partition[K, V]) clearMatching(predicate func(k, v any) bool) {
-	p.c.DeleteFunc(func(key K, v V) bool {
-		if predicate(key, v) {
-			p.trace.Log(
-				logg.StringFunc(
-					func() string {
-						return fmt.Sprintf("clearing cache key %v", key)
-					},
-				),
-			)
-			return true
-		}
-		return false
-	})
-}
-
-func (p *Partition[K, V]) clearOnRebuild(predicate func(k, v any) bool, changeset ...identity.Identity) {
-	if predicate == nil {
-		predicate = func(k, v any) bool {
-			return false
-		}
-	}
-	opts := p.getOptions()
-	if opts.ClearWhen == ClearNever {
-		return
-	}
-
-	if opts.ClearWhen == ClearOnRebuild {
-		// Clear all.
-		p.Clear()
-		return
-	}
-
-	depsFinder := identity.NewFinder(identity.FinderConfig{})
-
-	shouldDelete := func(key K, v V) bool {
-		// We always clear elements marked as stale.
-		if resource.StaleVersion(v) > 0 {
-			return true
-		}
-
-		// Now check if this entry has changed based on the changeset
-		// based on filesystem events.
-		if len(changeset) == 0 {
-			// Nothing changed.
-			return false
-		}
-
-		var probablyDependent bool
-		identity.WalkIdentitiesShallow(v, func(level int, id2 identity.Identity) bool {
-			for _, id := range changeset {
-				if r := depsFinder.Contains(id, id2, -1); r > 0 {
-					// It's probably dependent, evict from cache.
-					probablyDependent = true
-					return true
-				}
-			}
-			return false
-		})
-
-		return probablyDependent
-	}
-
-	// First pass.
-	// Second pass needs to be done in a separate loop to catch any
-	// elements marked as stale in the other partitions.
-	p.c.DeleteFunc(func(key K, v V) bool {
-		if predicate(key, v) || shouldDelete(key, v) {
-			p.trace.Log(
-				logg.StringFunc(
-					func() string {
-						return fmt.Sprintf("first pass: clearing cache key %v", key)
-					},
-				),
-			)
-			return true
-		}
-		return false
-	})
-}
-
-func (p *Partition[K, V]) Keys() []K {
-	var keys []K
-	p.c.DeleteFunc(func(key K, v V) bool {
-		keys = append(keys, key)
-		return false
-	})
-	return keys
-}
-
-func (p *Partition[K, V]) clearStale() {
-	p.c.DeleteFunc(func(key K, v V) bool {
-		staleVersion := resource.StaleVersion(v)
-		if staleVersion > 0 {
-			p.trace.Log(
-				logg.StringFunc(
-					func() string {
-						return fmt.Sprintf("second pass: clearing cache key %v", key)
-					},
-				),
-			)
-		}
-
-		return staleVersion > 0
-	})
-}
-
-// adjustMaxSize adjusts the max size of the and returns the number of items evicted.
-func (p *Partition[K, V]) adjustMaxSize(newMaxSize int) int {
-	if newMaxSize < minMaxSize {
-		newMaxSize = minMaxSize
-	}
-	oldMaxSize := p.maxSize
-	if newMaxSize == oldMaxSize {
-		return 0
-	}
-	p.maxSize = newMaxSize
-	// fmt.Println("Adjusting max size of partition from", oldMaxSize, "to", newMaxSize)
-	return p.c.Resize(newMaxSize)
-}
-
-func (p *Partition[K, V]) getMaxSize() int {
-	return p.maxSize
-}
-
-func (p *Partition[K, V]) getOptions() OptionsPartition {
-	return p.opts
-}
-
-func (p *Partition[K, V]) Clear() {
-	p.c.DeleteFunc(func(key K, v V) bool {
-		return true
-	})
-}
-
-func (p *Partition[K, V]) Get(ctx context.Context, key K) (V, bool) {
-	return p.c.Get(key)
-}
-
-type PartitionManager interface {
-	adjustMaxSize(addend int) int
-	getMaxSize() int
-	getOptions() OptionsPartition
-	clearOnRebuild(predicate func(k, v any) bool, changeset ...identity.Identity)
-	clearMatching(predicate func(k, v any) bool)
-	clearStale()
-}
-
-const (
-	ClearOnRebuild ClearWhen = iota + 1
-	ClearOnChange
-	ClearNever
-)
-
-type ClearWhen int
-
-type stats struct {
-	opts            Options
-	memstatsCurrent runtime.MemStats
-	currentMaxSize  int
-	availableMemory uint64
-
-	adjustmentFactor float64
-}
-
-func (s *stats) adjustCurrentMaxSize() bool {
-	newCurrentMaxSize := int(math.Floor(float64(s.opts.MaxSize) * s.adjustmentFactor))
-
-	if newCurrentMaxSize < s.opts.MinMaxSize {
-		newCurrentMaxSize = int(s.opts.MinMaxSize)
-	}
-	changed := newCurrentMaxSize != s.currentMaxSize
-	s.currentMaxSize = newCurrentMaxSize
-	return changed
-}
-
-// CleanKey turns s into a format suitable for a cache key for this package.
-// The key will be a Unix-styled path with a leading slash but no trailing slash.
-func CleanKey(s string) string {
-	return path.Clean(paths.ToSlashPreserveLeading(s))
-}
--- a/cache/dynacache/dynacache_test.go
+++ b/cache/dynacache/dynacache_test.go
@ -1,230 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package dynacache
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/resource"
-)
-
-var (
-	_ resource.StaleInfo = (*testItem)(nil)
-	_ identity.Identity  = (*testItem)(nil)
-)
-
-type testItem struct {
-	name         string
-	staleVersion uint32
-}
-
-func (t testItem) StaleVersion() uint32 {
-	return t.staleVersion
-}
-
-func (t testItem) IdentifierBase() string {
-	return t.name
-}
-
-func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	cache := New(Options{
-		Log: loggers.NewDefault(),
-	})
-
-	c.Cleanup(func() {
-		cache.Stop()
-	})
-
-	opts := OptionsPartition{Weight: 30}
-
-	c.Assert(cache, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-
-	p1 := GetOrCreatePartition[string, testItem](cache, "/aaaa/bbbb", opts)
-	c.Assert(p1, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-
-	p2 := GetOrCreatePartition[string, testItem](cache, "/aaaa/bbbb", opts)
-
-	c.Assert(func() { GetOrCreatePartition[string, testItem](cache, "foo bar", opts) }, qt.PanicMatches, ".*invalid partition name.*")
-	c.Assert(func() { GetOrCreatePartition[string, testItem](cache, "/aaaa/cccc", OptionsPartition{Weight: 1234}) }, qt.PanicMatches, ".*invalid Weight.*")
-
-	c.Assert(p2, qt.Equals, p1)
-
-	p3 := GetOrCreatePartition[string, testItem](cache, "/aaaa/cccc", opts)
-	c.Assert(p3, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-	c.Assert(p3, qt.Not(qt.Equals), p1)
-
-	c.Assert(func() { New(Options{}) }, qt.PanicMatches, ".*nil Log.*")
-}
-
-func TestCalculateMaxSizePerPartition(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	c.Assert(calculateMaxSizePerPartition(1000, 500, 5), qt.Equals, 200)
-	c.Assert(calculateMaxSizePerPartition(1000, 250, 5), qt.Equals, 400)
-	c.Assert(func() { calculateMaxSizePerPartition(1000, 250, 0) }, qt.PanicMatches, ".*must be > 0.*")
-	c.Assert(func() { calculateMaxSizePerPartition(1000, 0, 1) }, qt.PanicMatches, ".*must be > 0.*")
-}
-
-func TestCleanKey(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	c.Assert(CleanKey("a/b/c"), qt.Equals, "/a/b/c")
-	c.Assert(CleanKey("/a/b/c"), qt.Equals, "/a/b/c")
-	c.Assert(CleanKey("a/b/c/"), qt.Equals, "/a/b/c")
-	c.Assert(CleanKey(filepath.FromSlash("/a/b/c/")), qt.Equals, "/a/b/c")
-}
-
-func newTestCache(t *testing.T) *Cache {
-	cache := New(
-		Options{
-			Log: loggers.NewDefault(),
-		},
-	)
-
-	p1 := GetOrCreatePartition[string, testItem](cache, "/aaaa/bbbb", OptionsPartition{Weight: 30, ClearWhen: ClearOnRebuild})
-	p2 := GetOrCreatePartition[string, testItem](cache, "/aaaa/cccc", OptionsPartition{Weight: 30, ClearWhen: ClearOnChange})
-
-	p1.GetOrCreate("clearOnRebuild", func(string) (testItem, error) {
-		return testItem{}, nil
-	})
-
-	p2.GetOrCreate("clearBecauseStale", func(string) (testItem, error) {
-		return testItem{
-			staleVersion: 32,
-		}, nil
-	})
-
-	p2.GetOrCreate("clearBecauseIdentityChanged", func(string) (testItem, error) {
-		return testItem{
-			name: "changed",
-		}, nil
-	})
-
-	p2.GetOrCreate("clearNever", func(string) (testItem, error) {
-		return testItem{
-			staleVersion: 0,
-		}, nil
-	})
-
-	t.Cleanup(func() {
-		cache.Stop()
-	})
-
-	return cache
-}
-
-func TestClear(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	predicateAll := func(string) bool {
-		return true
-	}
-
-	cache := newTestCache(t)
-
-	c.Assert(cache.Keys(predicateAll), qt.HasLen, 4)
-
-	cache.ClearOnRebuild(nil)
-
-	// Stale items are always cleared.
-	c.Assert(cache.Keys(predicateAll), qt.HasLen, 2)
-
-	cache = newTestCache(t)
-	cache.ClearOnRebuild(nil, identity.StringIdentity("changed"))
-
-	c.Assert(cache.Keys(nil), qt.HasLen, 1)
-
-	cache = newTestCache(t)
-
-	cache.ClearMatching(nil, func(k, v any) bool {
-		return k.(string) == "clearOnRebuild"
-	})
-
-	c.Assert(cache.Keys(predicateAll), qt.HasLen, 3)
-
-	cache.adjustCurrentMaxSize()
-}
-
-func TestPanicInCreate(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	cache := newTestCache(t)
-
-	p1 := GetOrCreatePartition[string, testItem](cache, "/aaaa/bbbb", OptionsPartition{Weight: 30, ClearWhen: ClearOnRebuild})
-
-	willPanic := func(i int) func() {
-		return func() {
-			p1.GetOrCreate(fmt.Sprintf("panic-%d", i), func(key string) (testItem, error) {
-				panic(errors.New(key))
-			})
-		}
-	}
-
-	// GetOrCreateWitTimeout needs to recover from panics in the create func.
-	willErr := func(i int) error {
-		_, err := p1.GetOrCreateWitTimeout(fmt.Sprintf("error-%d", i), 10*time.Second, func(key string) (testItem, error) {
-			return testItem{}, errors.New(key)
-		})
-		return err
-	}
-
-	for i := range 3 {
-		for range 3 {
-			c.Assert(willPanic(i), qt.PanicMatches, fmt.Sprintf("panic-%d", i))
-			c.Assert(willErr(i), qt.ErrorMatches, fmt.Sprintf("error-%d", i))
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Test the same keys again without the panic.
-	for i := range 3 {
-		for range 3 {
-			v, err := p1.GetOrCreate(fmt.Sprintf("panic-%d", i), func(key string) (testItem, error) {
-				return testItem{
-					name: key,
-				}, nil
-			})
-			c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-			c.Assert(v.name, qt.Equals, fmt.Sprintf("panic-%d", i))
-
-			v, err = p1.GetOrCreateWitTimeout(fmt.Sprintf("error-%d", i), 10*time.Second, func(key string) (testItem, error) {
-				return testItem{
-					name: key,
-				}, nil
-			})
-			c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-			c.Assert(v.name, qt.Equals, fmt.Sprintf("error-%d", i))
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func TestAdjustCurrentMaxSize(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	cache := newTestCache(t)
-	alloc := cache.stats.memstatsCurrent.Alloc
-	cache.adjustCurrentMaxSize()
-	c.Assert(cache.stats.memstatsCurrent.Alloc, qt.Not(qt.Equals), alloc)
-}
--- a/cache/filecache/filecache.go
+++ b/cache/filecache/filecache.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -23,9 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/gohugoio/httpcache"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugio"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"

@ -53,9 +51,6 @@ type Cache struct {
 	pruneAllRootDir string

 	nlocker *lockTracker
-
-	initOnce sync.Once
-	initErr  error
 }

 type lockTracker struct {
@ -108,23 +103,9 @@ func (l *lockedFile) Close() error {
 	return l.File.Close()
 }

-func (c *Cache) init() error {
-	c.initOnce.Do(func() {
-		// Create the base dir if it does not exist.
-		if err := c.Fs.MkdirAll("", 0o777); err != nil && !os.IsExist(err) {
-			c.initErr = err
-		}
-	})
-	return c.initErr
-}
-
 // WriteCloser returns a transactional writer into the cache.
 // It's important that it's closed when done.
 func (c *Cache) WriteCloser(id string) (ItemInfo, io.WriteCloser, error) {
-	if err := c.init(); err != nil {
-		return ItemInfo{}, nil, err
-	}
-
 	id = cleanID(id)
 	c.nlocker.Lock(id)

@ -148,12 +129,7 @@ func (c *Cache) WriteCloser(id string) (ItemInfo, io.WriteCloser, error) {
 // it when done.
 func (c *Cache) ReadOrCreate(id string,
 	read func(info ItemInfo, r io.ReadSeeker) error,
-	create func(info ItemInfo, w io.WriteCloser) error,
-) (info ItemInfo, err error) {
-	if err := c.init(); err != nil {
-		return ItemInfo{}, err
-	}
-
+	create func(info ItemInfo, w io.WriteCloser) error) (info ItemInfo, err error) {
 	id = cleanID(id)

 	c.nlocker.Lock(id)
@ -183,22 +159,10 @@ func (c *Cache) ReadOrCreate(id string,
 	return
 }

-// NamedLock locks the given id. The lock is released when the returned function is called.
-func (c *Cache) NamedLock(id string) func() {
-	id = cleanID(id)
-	c.nlocker.Lock(id)
-	return func() {
-		c.nlocker.Unlock(id)
-	}
-}
-
 // GetOrCreate tries to get the file with the given id from cache. If not found or expired, create will
 // be invoked and the result cached.
 // This method is protected by a named lock using the given id as identifier.
 func (c *Cache) GetOrCreate(id string, create func() (io.ReadCloser, error)) (ItemInfo, io.ReadCloser, error) {
-	if err := c.init(); err != nil {
-		return ItemInfo{}, nil, err
-	}
 	id = cleanID(id)

 	c.nlocker.Lock(id)
@ -228,30 +192,11 @@ func (c *Cache) GetOrCreate(id string, create func() (io.ReadCloser, error)) (It
 	var buff bytes.Buffer
 	return info,
 		hugio.ToReadCloser(&buff),
-		c.writeReader(id, io.TeeReader(r, &buff))
-}
-
-func (c *Cache) writeReader(id string, r io.Reader) error {
-	dir := filepath.Dir(id)
-	if dir != "" {
-		_ = c.Fs.MkdirAll(dir, 0o777)
-	}
-	f, err := c.Fs.Create(id)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-
-	_, _ = io.Copy(f, r)
-
-	return nil
+		afero.WriteReader(c.Fs, id, io.TeeReader(r, &buff))
 }

 // GetOrCreateBytes is the same as GetOrCreate, but produces a byte slice.
 func (c *Cache) GetOrCreateBytes(id string, create func() ([]byte, error)) (ItemInfo, []byte, error) {
-	if err := c.init(); err != nil {
-		return ItemInfo{}, nil, err
-	}
 	id = cleanID(id)

 	c.nlocker.Lock(id)
@ -279,18 +224,14 @@ func (c *Cache) GetOrCreateBytes(id string, create func() ([]byte, error)) (Item
 		return info, b, nil
 	}

-	if err := c.writeReader(id, bytes.NewReader(b)); err != nil {
+	if err := afero.WriteReader(c.Fs, id, bytes.NewReader(b)); err != nil {
 		return info, nil, err
 	}
-
 	return info, b, nil
 }

 // GetBytes gets the file content with the given id from the cache, nil if none found.
 func (c *Cache) GetBytes(id string) (ItemInfo, []byte, error) {
-	if err := c.init(); err != nil {
-		return ItemInfo{}, nil, err
-	}
 	id = cleanID(id)

 	c.nlocker.Lock(id)
@ -309,9 +250,6 @@ func (c *Cache) GetBytes(id string) (ItemInfo, []byte, error) {

 // Get gets the file with the given id from the cache, nil if none found.
 func (c *Cache) Get(id string) (ItemInfo, io.ReadCloser, error) {
-	if err := c.init(); err != nil {
-		return ItemInfo{}, nil, err
-	}
 	id = cleanID(id)

 	c.nlocker.Lock(id)
@ -332,10 +270,18 @@ func (c *Cache) getOrRemove(id string) hugio.ReadSeekCloser {
 		return nil
 	}

-	if removed, err := c.removeIfExpired(id); err != nil || removed {
+	if c.maxAge > 0 {
+		fi, err := c.Fs.Stat(id)
+		if err != nil {
 			return nil
 		}

+		if c.isExpired(fi.ModTime()) {
+			c.Fs.Remove(id)
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+
 	f, err := c.Fs.Open(id)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil
@ -344,49 +290,6 @@ func (c *Cache) getOrRemove(id string) hugio.ReadSeekCloser {
 	return f
 }

-func (c *Cache) getBytesAndRemoveIfExpired(id string) ([]byte, bool) {
-	if c.maxAge == 0 {
-		// No caching.
-		return nil, false
-	}
-
-	f, err := c.Fs.Open(id)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, false
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-
-	b, err := io.ReadAll(f)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, false
-	}
-
-	removed, err := c.removeIfExpired(id)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, false
-	}
-
-	return b, removed
-}
-
-func (c *Cache) removeIfExpired(id string) (bool, error) {
-	if c.maxAge <= 0 {
-		return false, nil
-	}
-
-	fi, err := c.Fs.Stat(id)
-	if err != nil {
-		return false, err
-	}
-
-	if c.isExpired(fi.ModTime()) {
-		c.Fs.Remove(id)
-		return true, nil
-	}
-
-	return false, nil
-}
-
 func (c *Cache) isExpired(modTime time.Time) bool {
 	if c.maxAge < 0 {
 		return false
@ -444,7 +347,11 @@ func NewCaches(p *helpers.PathSpec) (Caches, error) {

 		baseDir := v.DirCompiled

-		bfs := hugofs.NewBasePathFs(cfs, baseDir)
+		if err := cfs.MkdirAll(baseDir, 0777); err != nil && !os.IsExist(err) {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		bfs := afero.NewBasePathFs(cfs, baseDir)

 		var pruneAllRootDir string
 		if k == CacheKeyModules {
@ -460,37 +367,3 @@ func NewCaches(p *helpers.PathSpec) (Caches, error) {
 func cleanID(name string) string {
 	return strings.TrimPrefix(filepath.Clean(name), helpers.FilePathSeparator)
 }
-
-// AsHTTPCache returns an httpcache.Cache implementation for this file cache.
-// Note that none of the methods are protected by named locks, so you need to make sure
-// to do that in your own code.
-func (c *Cache) AsHTTPCache() httpcache.Cache {
-	return &httpCache{c: c}
-}
-
-type httpCache struct {
-	c *Cache
-}
-
-func (h *httpCache) Get(id string) (resp []byte, ok bool) {
-	id = cleanID(id)
-	b, removed := h.c.getBytesAndRemoveIfExpired(id)
-
-	return b, !removed
-}
-
-func (h *httpCache) Set(id string, resp []byte) {
-	if h.c.maxAge == 0 {
-		return
-	}
-
-	id = cleanID(id)
-
-	if err := h.c.writeReader(id, bytes.NewReader(resp)); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-}
-
-func (h *httpCache) Delete(key string) {
-	h.c.Fs.Remove(key)
-}
--- a/cache/filecache/filecache_config.go
+++ b/cache/filecache/filecache_config.go
@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 package filecache

 import (
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"path"
 	"path/filepath"
@ -25,6 +24,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"

+	"errors"
+
 	"github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 )
@ -46,7 +47,6 @@ const (
 	CacheKeyAssets      = "assets"
 	CacheKeyModules     = "modules"
 	CacheKeyGetResource = "getresource"
-	CacheKeyMisc        = "misc"
 )

 type Configs map[string]FileCacheConfig
@ -71,21 +71,17 @@ var defaultCacheConfigs = Configs{
 		MaxAge: -1,
 		Dir:    resourcesGenDir,
 	},
-	CacheKeyGetResource: {
+	CacheKeyGetResource: FileCacheConfig{
 		MaxAge: -1, // Never expire
 		Dir:    cacheDirProject,
 	},
-	CacheKeyMisc: {
-		MaxAge: -1,
-		Dir:    cacheDirProject,
-	},
 }

 type FileCacheConfig struct {
 	// Max age of cache entries in this cache. Any items older than this will
 	// be removed and not returned from the cache.
 	// A negative value means forever, 0 means cache is disabled.
-	// Hugo is lenient with what types it accepts here, but we recommend using
+	// Hugo is leninent with what types it accepts here, but we recommend using
 	// a duration string, a sequence of  decimal numbers, each with optional fraction and a unit suffix,
 	// such as "300ms", "1.5h" or "2h45m".
 	// Valid time units are "ns", "us" (or "µs"), "ms", "s", "m", "h".
@ -97,7 +93,7 @@ type FileCacheConfig struct {

 	// Will resources/_gen will get its own composite filesystem that
 	// also checks any theme.
-	IsResourceDir bool `json:"-"`
+	IsResourceDir bool
 }

 // GetJSONCache gets the file cache for getJSON.
@ -125,11 +121,6 @@ func (f Caches) AssetsCache() *Cache {
 	return f[CacheKeyAssets]
 }

-// MiscCache gets the file cache for miscellaneous stuff.
-func (f Caches) MiscCache() *Cache {
-	return f[CacheKeyMisc]
-}
-
 // GetResourceCache gets the file cache for remote resources.
 func (f Caches) GetResourceCache() *Cache {
 	return f[CacheKeyGetResource]
@ -234,6 +225,7 @@ func DecodeConfig(fs afero.Fs, bcfg config.BaseConfig, m map[string]any) (Config

 // Resolves :resourceDir => /myproject/resources etc., :cacheDir => ...
 func resolveDirPlaceholder(fs afero.Fs, bcfg config.BaseConfig, placeholder string) (cacheDir string, isResource bool, err error) {
+
 	switch strings.ToLower(placeholder) {
 	case ":resourcedir":
 		return "", true, nil
--- a/cache/filecache/filecache_config_test.go
+++ b/cache/filecache/filecache_config_test.go
@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ dir = "/path/to/c4"
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 	fs := afero.NewMemMapFs()
 	decoded := testconfig.GetTestConfigs(fs, cfg).Base.Caches
-	c.Assert(len(decoded), qt.Equals, 7)
+	c.Assert(len(decoded), qt.Equals, 6)

 	c2 := decoded["getcsv"]
 	c.Assert(c2.MaxAge.String(), qt.Equals, "11h0m0s")
@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ dir = "/path/to/c4"
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 	fs := afero.NewMemMapFs()
 	decoded := testconfig.GetTestConfigs(fs, cfg).Base.Caches
-	c.Assert(len(decoded), qt.Equals, 7)
+	c.Assert(len(decoded), qt.Equals, 6)

 	for _, v := range decoded {
 		c.Assert(v.MaxAge, qt.Equals, time.Duration(0))
@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ func TestDecodeConfigDefault(t *testing.T) {

 	fs := afero.NewMemMapFs()
 	decoded := testconfig.GetTestConfigs(fs, cfg).Base.Caches
-	c.Assert(len(decoded), qt.Equals, 7)
+	c.Assert(len(decoded), qt.Equals, 6)

 	imgConfig := decoded[filecache.CacheKeyImages]
 	jsonConfig := decoded[filecache.CacheKeyGetJSON]
--- a/cache/filecache/filecache_integration_test.go
+++ b/cache/filecache/filecache_integration_test.go
@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package filecache_test
-
-import (
-	"path/filepath"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/bep/logg"
-	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/htesting"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
-)
-
-// See issue #10781. That issue wouldn't have been triggered if we kept
-// the empty root directories (e.g. _resources/gen/images).
-// It's still an upstream Go issue that we also need to handle, but
-// this is a test for the first part.
-func TestPruneShouldPreserveEmptyCacheRoots(t *testing.T) {
-	files := `
-- hugo.toml --
-baseURL = "https://example.com"
-- content/_index.md --
---
-title: "Home"
---
-
-`
-
-	b := hugolib.NewIntegrationTestBuilder(
-		hugolib.IntegrationTestConfig{T: t, TxtarString: files, RunGC: true, NeedsOsFS: true},
-	).Build()
-
-	_, err := b.H.BaseFs.ResourcesCache.Stat(filepath.Join("_gen", "images"))
-
-	b.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-}
-
-func TestPruneImages(t *testing.T) {
-	if htesting.IsCI() {
-		// TODO(bep)
-		t.Skip("skip flaky test on CI server")
-	}
-	t.Skip("skip flaky test")
-	files := `
-- hugo.toml --
-baseURL = "https://example.com"
-[caches]
-[caches.images]
-maxAge = "200ms"
-dir = ":resourceDir/_gen"
-- content/_index.md --
---
-title: "Home"
---
-- assets/a/pixel.png --
-iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mNkYPhfDwAChwGA60e6kgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==
-- layouts/index.html --
-{{ warnf "HOME!" }}
-{{ $img := resources.GetMatch "**.png" }}
-{{ $img = $img.Resize "3x3" }}
-{{ $img.RelPermalink }}
-
-
-
-`
-
-	b := hugolib.NewIntegrationTestBuilder(
-		hugolib.IntegrationTestConfig{T: t, TxtarString: files, Running: true, RunGC: true, NeedsOsFS: true, LogLevel: logg.LevelInfo},
-	).Build()
-
-	b.Assert(b.GCCount, qt.Equals, 0)
-	b.Assert(b.H, qt.IsNotNil)
-
-	imagesCacheDir := filepath.Join("_gen", "images")
-	_, err := b.H.BaseFs.ResourcesCache.Stat(imagesCacheDir)
-
-	b.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-
-	// TODO(bep) we need a way to test full rebuilds.
-	// For now, just sleep a little so the cache elements expires.
-	time.Sleep(500 * time.Millisecond)
-
-	b.RenameFile("assets/a/pixel.png", "assets/b/pixel2.png").Build()
-
-	b.Assert(b.GCCount, qt.Equals, 1)
-	// Build it again to GC the empty a dir.
-	b.Build()
-
-	_, err = b.H.BaseFs.ResourcesCache.Stat(filepath.Join(imagesCacheDir, "a"))
-	b.Assert(err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-	_, err = b.H.BaseFs.ResourcesCache.Stat(imagesCacheDir)
-	b.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-}
--- a/cache/filecache/filecache_pruner.go
+++ b/cache/filecache/filecache_pruner.go
@ -53,13 +53,11 @@ func (c *Cache) Prune(force bool) (int, error) {
 	if c.pruneAllRootDir != "" {
 		return c.pruneRootDir(force)
 	}
-	if err := c.init(); err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}

 	counter := 0

 	err := afero.Walk(c.Fs, "", func(name string, info os.FileInfo, err error) error {
+
 		if info == nil {
 			return nil
 		}
@ -68,6 +66,7 @@ func (c *Cache) Prune(force bool) (int, error) {

 		if info.IsDir() {
 			f, err := c.Fs.Open(name)
+
 			if err != nil {
 				// This cache dir may not exist.
 				return nil
@ -118,9 +117,6 @@ func (c *Cache) Prune(force bool) (int, error) {
 }

 func (c *Cache) pruneRootDir(force bool) (int, error) {
-	if err := c.init(); err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
 	info, err := c.Fs.Stat(c.pruneAllRootDir)
 	if err != nil {
 		if herrors.IsNotExist(err) {
--- a/cache/filecache/filecache_pruner_test.go
+++ b/cache/filecache/filecache_pruner_test.go
@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ dir = ":resourceDir/_gen"
 		caches, err := filecache.NewCaches(p)
 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 		cache := caches[name]
-		for i := range 10 {
+		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 			id := fmt.Sprintf("i%d", i)
 			cache.GetOrCreateBytes(id, func() ([]byte, error) {
 				return []byte("abc"), nil
@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ dir = ":resourceDir/_gen"
 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 		c.Assert(count, qt.Equals, 5, msg)

-		for i := range 10 {
+		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 			id := fmt.Sprintf("i%d", i)
 			v := cache.GetString(id)
 			if i < 5 {
@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ dir = ":resourceDir/_gen"
 		c.Assert(count, qt.Equals, 4)

 		// Now only the i5 should be left.
-		for i := range 10 {
+		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 			id := fmt.Sprintf("i%d", i)
 			v := cache.GetString(id)
 			if i != 5 {
--- a/cache/filecache/filecache_test.go
+++ b/cache/filecache/filecache_test.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
@ -85,8 +86,17 @@ dir = ":cacheDir/c"
 		cache := caches.Get("GetJSON")
 		c.Assert(cache, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))

+		bfs, ok := cache.Fs.(*afero.BasePathFs)
+		c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, true)
+		filename, err := bfs.RealPath("key")
+		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+
 		cache = caches.Get("Images")
 		c.Assert(cache, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
+		bfs, ok = cache.Fs.(*afero.BasePathFs)
+		c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, true)
+		filename, _ = bfs.RealPath("key")
+		c.Assert(filename, qt.Equals, filepath.FromSlash("_gen/images/key"))

 		rf := func(s string) func() (io.ReadCloser, error) {
 			return func() (io.ReadCloser, error) {
@ -105,7 +115,7 @@ dir = ":cacheDir/c"
 		}

 		for _, ca := range []*filecache.Cache{caches.ImageCache(), caches.AssetsCache(), caches.GetJSONCache(), caches.GetCSVCache()} {
-			for range 2 {
+			for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
 				info, r, err := ca.GetOrCreate("a", rf("abc"))
 				c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 				c.Assert(r, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
@ -193,11 +203,11 @@ dir = "/cache/c"

 	var wg sync.WaitGroup

-	for i := range 50 {
+	for i := 0; i < 50; i++ {
 		wg.Add(1)
 		go func(i int) {
 			defer wg.Done()
-			for range 20 {
+			for j := 0; j < 20; j++ {
 				ca := caches.Get(cacheName)
 				c.Assert(ca, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
 				filename, data := filenameData(i)
--- a/cache/filecache/integration_test.go
+++ b/cache/filecache/integration_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package filecache_test
+
+import (
+	"path/filepath"
+
+	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"
+
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/htesting"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
+)
+
+// See issue #10781. That issue wouldn't have been triggered if we kept
+// the empty root directories (e.g. _resources/gen/images).
+// It's still an upstream Go issue that we also need to handle, but
+// this is a test for the first part.
+func TestPruneShouldPreserveEmptyCacheRoots(t *testing.T) {
+	files := `
+-- hugo.toml --
+baseURL = "https://example.com"
+-- content/_index.md --
+---
+title: "Home"
+---
+
+`
+
+	b := hugolib.NewIntegrationTestBuilder(
+		hugolib.IntegrationTestConfig{T: t, TxtarString: files, RunGC: true, NeedsOsFS: true},
+	).Build()
+
+	_, err := b.H.BaseFs.ResourcesCache.Stat(filepath.Join("_gen", "images"))
+
+	b.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+
+}
+
+func TestPruneImages(t *testing.T) {
+	if htesting.IsCI() {
+		// TODO(bep)
+		t.Skip("skip flaky test on CI server")
+	}
+	files := `
+-- hugo.toml --
+baseURL = "https://example.com"
+[caches]
+[caches.images]
+maxAge = "200ms"
+dir = ":resourceDir/_gen"
+-- content/_index.md --
+---
+title: "Home"
+---
+-- assets/a/pixel.png --
+iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mNkYPhfDwAChwGA60e6kgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==
+-- layouts/index.html --
+{{ warnf "HOME!" }}
+{{ $img := resources.GetMatch "**.png" }}
+{{ $img = $img.Resize "3x3" }}
+{{ $img.RelPermalink }}
+
+
+
+`
+
+	b := hugolib.NewIntegrationTestBuilder(
+		hugolib.IntegrationTestConfig{T: t, TxtarString: files, Running: true, RunGC: true, NeedsOsFS: true, LogLevel: jww.LevelInfo},
+	).Build()
+
+	b.Assert(b.GCCount, qt.Equals, 0)
+	b.Assert(b.H, qt.IsNotNil)
+
+	imagesCacheDir := filepath.Join("_gen", "images")
+	_, err := b.H.BaseFs.ResourcesCache.Stat(imagesCacheDir)
+
+	b.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+
+	// TODO(bep) we need a way to test full rebuilds.
+	// For now, just sleep a little so the cache elements expires.
+	time.Sleep(300 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	b.RenameFile("assets/a/pixel.png", "assets/b/pixel2.png").Build()
+
+	b.Assert(b.GCCount, qt.Equals, 1)
+	// Build it again to GC the empty a dir.
+	b.Build()
+
+	_, err = b.H.BaseFs.ResourcesCache.Stat(filepath.Join(imagesCacheDir, "a"))
+	b.Assert(err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
+	_, err = b.H.BaseFs.ResourcesCache.Stat(imagesCacheDir)
+	b.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+
+}
--- a/cache/httpcache/httpcache.go
+++ b/cache/httpcache/httpcache.go
@ -1,229 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package httpcache
-
-import (
-	"encoding/json"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/gobwas/glob"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/predicate"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
-	"github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure"
-)
-
-// DefaultConfig holds the default configuration for the HTTP cache.
-var DefaultConfig = Config{
-	Cache: Cache{
-		For: GlobMatcher{
-			Excludes: []string{"**"},
-		},
-	},
-	Polls: []PollConfig{
-		{
-			For: GlobMatcher{
-				Includes: []string{"**"},
-			},
-			Disable: true,
-		},
-	},
-}
-
-// Config holds the configuration for the HTTP cache.
-type Config struct {
-	// Configures the HTTP cache behavior (RFC 9111).
-	// When this is not enabled for a resource, Hugo will go straight to the file cache.
-	Cache Cache
-
-	// Polls holds a list of configurations for polling remote resources to detect changes in watch mode.
-	// This can be disabled for some resources, typically if they are known to not change.
-	Polls []PollConfig
-}
-
-type Cache struct {
-	// Enable HTTP cache behavior (RFC 9111) for these resources.
-	For GlobMatcher
-}
-
-func (c *Config) Compile() (ConfigCompiled, error) {
-	var cc ConfigCompiled
-
-	p, err := c.Cache.For.CompilePredicate()
-	if err != nil {
-		return cc, err
-	}
-
-	cc.For = p
-
-	for _, pc := range c.Polls {
-
-		p, err := pc.For.CompilePredicate()
-		if err != nil {
-			return cc, err
-		}
-
-		cc.PollConfigs = append(cc.PollConfigs, PollConfigCompiled{
-			For:    p,
-			Config: pc,
-		})
-	}
-
-	return cc, nil
-}
-
-// PollConfig holds the configuration for polling remote resources to detect changes in watch mode.
-type PollConfig struct {
-	// What remote resources to apply this configuration to.
-	For GlobMatcher
-
-	// Disable polling for this configuration.
-	Disable bool
-
-	// Low is the lower bound for the polling interval.
-	// This is the starting point when the resource has recently changed,
-	// if that resource stops changing, the polling interval will gradually increase towards High.
-	Low time.Duration
-
-	// High is the upper bound for the polling interval.
-	// This is the interval used when the resource is stable.
-	High time.Duration
-}
-
-func (c PollConfig) MarshalJSON() (b []byte, err error) {
-	// Marshal the durations as strings.
-	type Alias PollConfig
-	return json.Marshal(&struct {
-		Low  string
-		High string
-		Alias
-	}{
-		Low:   c.Low.String(),
-		High:  c.High.String(),
-		Alias: (Alias)(c),
-	})
-}
-
-type GlobMatcher struct {
-	// Excludes holds a list of glob patterns that will be excluded.
-	Excludes []string
-
-	// Includes holds a list of glob patterns that will be included.
-	Includes []string
-}
-
-func (gm GlobMatcher) IsZero() bool {
-	return len(gm.Includes) == 0 && len(gm.Excludes) == 0
-}
-
-type ConfigCompiled struct {
-	For         predicate.P[string]
-	PollConfigs []PollConfigCompiled
-}
-
-func (c *ConfigCompiled) PollConfigFor(s string) PollConfigCompiled {
-	for _, pc := range c.PollConfigs {
-		if pc.For(s) {
-			return pc
-		}
-	}
-	return PollConfigCompiled{}
-}
-
-func (c *ConfigCompiled) IsPollingDisabled() bool {
-	for _, pc := range c.PollConfigs {
-		if !pc.Config.Disable {
-			return false
-		}
-	}
-	return true
-}
-
-type PollConfigCompiled struct {
-	For    predicate.P[string]
-	Config PollConfig
-}
-
-func (p PollConfigCompiled) IsZero() bool {
-	return p.For == nil
-}
-
-func (gm *GlobMatcher) CompilePredicate() (func(string) bool, error) {
-	if gm.IsZero() {
-		panic("no includes or excludes")
-	}
-	var p predicate.P[string]
-	for _, include := range gm.Includes {
-		g, err := glob.Compile(include, '/')
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		fn := func(s string) bool {
-			return g.Match(s)
-		}
-		p = p.Or(fn)
-	}
-
-	for _, exclude := range gm.Excludes {
-		g, err := glob.Compile(exclude, '/')
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		fn := func(s string) bool {
-			return !g.Match(s)
-		}
-		p = p.And(fn)
-	}
-
-	return p, nil
-}
-
-func DecodeConfig(_ config.BaseConfig, m map[string]any) (Config, error) {
-	if len(m) == 0 {
-		return DefaultConfig, nil
-	}
-
-	var c Config
-
-	dc := &mapstructure.DecoderConfig{
-		Result:           &c,
-		DecodeHook:       mapstructure.StringToTimeDurationHookFunc(),
-		WeaklyTypedInput: true,
-	}
-
-	decoder, err := mapstructure.NewDecoder(dc)
-	if err != nil {
-		return c, err
-	}
-
-	if err := decoder.Decode(m); err != nil {
-		return c, err
-	}
-
-	if c.Cache.For.IsZero() {
-		c.Cache.For = DefaultConfig.Cache.For
-	}
-
-	for pci := range c.Polls {
-		if c.Polls[pci].For.IsZero() {
-			c.Polls[pci].For = DefaultConfig.Cache.For
-			c.Polls[pci].Disable = true
-		}
-	}
-
-	if len(c.Polls) == 0 {
-		c.Polls = DefaultConfig.Polls
-	}
-
-	return c, nil
-}
--- a/cache/httpcache/httpcache_integration_test.go
+++ b/cache/httpcache/httpcache_integration_test.go
@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package httpcache_test
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
-)
-
-func TestConfigCustom(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	files := `
-- hugo.toml --
-[httpcache]
-[httpcache.cache.for]
-includes = ["**gohugo.io**"]
-[[httpcache.polls]]
-low = "5s"
-high = "32s"
-[httpcache.polls.for]
-includes = ["**gohugo.io**"]
-		
-	
-`
-
-	b := hugolib.Test(t, files)
-
-	httpcacheConf := b.H.Configs.Base.HTTPCache
-	compiled := b.H.Configs.Base.C.HTTPCache
-
-	b.Assert(httpcacheConf.Cache.For.Includes, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"**gohugo.io**"})
-	b.Assert(httpcacheConf.Cache.For.Excludes, qt.IsNil)
-
-	pc := compiled.PollConfigFor("https://gohugo.io/foo.jpg")
-	b.Assert(pc.Config.Low, qt.Equals, 5*time.Second)
-	b.Assert(pc.Config.High, qt.Equals, 32*time.Second)
-	b.Assert(compiled.PollConfigFor("https://example.com/foo.jpg").IsZero(), qt.IsTrue)
-}
-
-func TestConfigDefault(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	files := `
-- hugo.toml --
-`
-	b := hugolib.Test(t, files)
-
-	compiled := b.H.Configs.Base.C.HTTPCache
-
-	b.Assert(compiled.For("https://gohugo.io/posts.json"), qt.IsFalse)
-	b.Assert(compiled.For("https://gohugo.io/foo.jpg"), qt.IsFalse)
-	b.Assert(compiled.PollConfigFor("https://gohugo.io/foo.jpg").Config.Disable, qt.IsTrue)
-}
-
-func TestConfigPollsOnly(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	files := `
-- hugo.toml --
-[httpcache]
-[[httpcache.polls]]
-low = "5s"
-high = "32s"
-[httpcache.polls.for]
-includes = ["**gohugo.io**"]
-		
-	
-`
-
-	b := hugolib.Test(t, files)
-
-	compiled := b.H.Configs.Base.C.HTTPCache
-
-	b.Assert(compiled.For("https://gohugo.io/posts.json"), qt.IsFalse)
-	b.Assert(compiled.For("https://gohugo.io/foo.jpg"), qt.IsFalse)
-
-	pc := compiled.PollConfigFor("https://gohugo.io/foo.jpg")
-	b.Assert(pc.Config.Low, qt.Equals, 5*time.Second)
-	b.Assert(pc.Config.High, qt.Equals, 32*time.Second)
-	b.Assert(compiled.PollConfigFor("https://example.com/foo.jpg").IsZero(), qt.IsTrue)
-}
--- a/cache/httpcache/httpcache_test.go
+++ b/cache/httpcache/httpcache_test.go
@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package httpcache
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
-)
-
-func TestGlobMatcher(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	g := GlobMatcher{
-		Includes: []string{"**/*.jpg", "**.png", "**/bar/**"},
-		Excludes: []string{"**/foo.jpg", "**.css"},
-	}
-
-	p, err := g.CompilePredicate()
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-
-	c.Assert(p("foo.jpg"), qt.IsFalse)
-	c.Assert(p("foo.png"), qt.IsTrue)
-	c.Assert(p("foo/bar.jpg"), qt.IsTrue)
-	c.Assert(p("foo/bar.png"), qt.IsTrue)
-	c.Assert(p("foo/bar/foo.jpg"), qt.IsFalse)
-	c.Assert(p("foo/bar/foo.css"), qt.IsFalse)
-	c.Assert(p("foo.css"), qt.IsFalse)
-	c.Assert(p("foo/bar/foo.css"), qt.IsFalse)
-	c.Assert(p("foo/bar/foo.xml"), qt.IsTrue)
-}
-
-func TestDefaultConfig(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	_, err := DefaultConfig.Compile()
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-}
-
-func TestDecodeConfigInjectsDefaultAndCompiles(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	cfg, err := DecodeConfig(config.BaseConfig{}, map[string]interface{}{})
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(cfg, qt.DeepEquals, DefaultConfig)
-
-	_, err = cfg.Compile()
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-
-	cfg, err = DecodeConfig(config.BaseConfig{}, map[string]any{
-		"cache": map[string]any{
-			"polls": []map[string]any{
-				{"disable": true},
-			},
-		},
-	})
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-
-	_, err = cfg.Compile()
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-}
--- a/cache/namedmemcache/named_cache.go
+++ b/cache/namedmemcache/named_cache.go
@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// Package namedmemcache provides a memory cache with a named lock. This is suitable
+// for situations where creating the cached resource can be time consuming or otherwise
+// resource hungry, or in situations where a "once only per key" is a requirement.
+package namedmemcache
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/BurntSushi/locker"
+)
+
+// Cache holds the cached values.
+type Cache struct {
+	nlocker *locker.Locker
+	cache   map[string]cacheEntry
+	mu      sync.RWMutex
+}
+
+type cacheEntry struct {
+	value any
+	err   error
+}
+
+// New creates a new cache.
+func New() *Cache {
+	return &Cache{
+		nlocker: locker.NewLocker(),
+		cache:   make(map[string]cacheEntry),
+	}
+}
+
+// Clear clears the cache state.
+func (c *Cache) Clear() {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+
+	c.cache = make(map[string]cacheEntry)
+	c.nlocker = locker.NewLocker()
+}
+
+// GetOrCreate tries to get the value with the given cache key, if not found
+// create will be called and cached.
+// This method is thread safe. It also guarantees that the create func for a given
+// key is invoked only once for this cache.
+func (c *Cache) GetOrCreate(key string, create func() (any, error)) (any, error) {
+	c.mu.RLock()
+	entry, found := c.cache[key]
+	c.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	if found {
+		return entry.value, entry.err
+	}
+
+	c.nlocker.Lock(key)
+	defer c.nlocker.Unlock(key)
+
+	// Create it.
+	value, err := create()
+
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	c.cache[key] = cacheEntry{value: value, err: err}
+	c.mu.Unlock()
+
+	return value, err
+}
--- a/cache/namedmemcache/named_cache_test.go
+++ b/cache/namedmemcache/named_cache_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package namedmemcache
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+)
+
+func TestNamedCache(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	cache := New()
+
+	counter := 0
+	create := func() (any, error) {
+		counter++
+		return counter, nil
+	}
+
+	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+		v1, err := cache.GetOrCreate("a1", create)
+		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+		c.Assert(v1, qt.Equals, 1)
+		v2, err := cache.GetOrCreate("a2", create)
+		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+		c.Assert(v2, qt.Equals, 2)
+	}
+
+	cache.Clear()
+
+	v3, err := cache.GetOrCreate("a2", create)
+	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+	c.Assert(v3, qt.Equals, 3)
+}
+
+func TestNamedCacheConcurrent(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+
+	cache := New()
+
+	create := func(i int) func() (any, error) {
+		return func() (any, error) {
+			return i, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			for j := 0; j < 100; j++ {
+				id := fmt.Sprintf("id%d", j)
+				v, err := cache.GetOrCreate(id, create(j))
+				c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+				c.Assert(v, qt.Equals, j)
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+}
--- a/check_gofmt.sh
+++ b/check_gofmt.sh
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-diff <(gofmt -d .) <(printf '')
--- a/codegen/methods.go
+++ b/codegen/methods.go
@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"reflect"
 	"regexp"
-	"slices"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@ -103,7 +102,7 @@ func (c *Inspector) MethodsFromTypes(include []reflect.Type, exclude []reflect.T
 	}

 	for _, t := range include {
-		for i := range t.NumMethod() {
+		for i := 0; i < t.NumMethod(); i++ {

 			m := t.Method(i)
 			if excludes[m.Name] || seen[m.Name] {
@ -123,7 +122,7 @@ func (c *Inspector) MethodsFromTypes(include []reflect.Type, exclude []reflect.T

 			method := Method{Owner: t, OwnerName: ownerName, Name: m.Name}

-			for i := range numIn {
+			for i := 0; i < numIn; i++ {
 				in := m.Type.In(i)

 				name, pkg := nameAndPackage(in)
@ -138,7 +137,7 @@ func (c *Inspector) MethodsFromTypes(include []reflect.Type, exclude []reflect.T
 			numOut := m.Type.NumOut()

 			if numOut > 0 {
-				for i := range numOut {
+				for i := 0; i < numOut; i++ {
 					out := m.Type.Out(i)
 					name, pkg := nameAndPackage(out)

@ -305,7 +304,7 @@ func (m Method) inOutStr() string {
 	}

 	args := make([]string, len(m.In))
-	for i := range args {
+	for i := 0; i < len(args); i++ {
 		args[i] = fmt.Sprintf("arg%d", i)
 	}
 	return "(" + strings.Join(args, ", ") + ")"
@ -317,7 +316,7 @@ func (m Method) inStr() string {
 	}

 	args := make([]string, len(m.In))
-	for i := range args {
+	for i := 0; i < len(args); i++ {
 		args[i] = fmt.Sprintf("arg%d %s", i, m.In[i])
 	}
 	return "(" + strings.Join(args, ", ") + ")"
@ -340,7 +339,7 @@ func (m Method) outStrNamed() string {
 	}

 	outs := make([]string, len(m.Out))
-	for i := range outs {
+	for i := 0; i < len(outs); i++ {
 		outs[i] = fmt.Sprintf("o%d %s", i, m.Out[i])
 	}

@ -436,7 +435,7 @@ func (m Methods) ToMarshalJSON(receiver, pkgPath string, excludes ...string) (st
 		// Exclude self
 		for i, pkgImp := range pkgImports {
 			if pkgImp == pkgPath {
-				pkgImports = slices.Delete(pkgImports, i, i+1)
+				pkgImports = append(pkgImports[:i], pkgImports[i+1:]...)
 			}
 		}
 	}
@ -462,6 +461,7 @@ func collectMethodsRecursive(pkg string, f []*ast.Field) []string {
 						pkg,
 						tt.Methods.List)...)
 			}
+
 		} else {
 			// Embedded, but in a different file/package. Return the
 			// package.Name and deal with that later.
--- a/commands/commandeer.go
+++ b/commands/commandeer.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -18,22 +18,20 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"log"
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"runtime"
-	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"syscall"
 	"time"

+	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"
+
 	"go.uber.org/automaxprocs/maxprocs"

-	"github.com/bep/clocks"
+	"github.com/bep/clock"
 	"github.com/bep/lazycache"
-	"github.com/bep/logg"
 	"github.com/bep/overlayfs"
 	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"

@ -41,20 +39,19 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config/allconfig"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/deps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/kinds"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )

-var errHelp = errors.New("help requested")
+var (
+	errHelp = errors.New("help requested")
+)

 // Execute executes a command.
 func Execute(args []string) error {
@ -66,12 +63,6 @@ func Execute(args []string) error {
 	}
 	args = mapLegacyArgs(args)
 	cd, err := x.Execute(context.Background(), args)
-	if cd != nil {
-		if closer, ok := cd.Root.Command.(types.Closer); ok {
-			closer.Close()
-		}
-	}
-
 	if err != nil {
 		if err == errHelp {
 			cd.CobraCommand.Help()
@ -94,17 +85,11 @@ type commonConfig struct {
 	fs      *hugofs.Fs
 }

-type configKey struct {
-	counter                    int32
-	ignoreModulesDoesNotExists bool
-}
-
 // This is the root command.
 type rootCommand struct {
-	Printf  func(format string, v ...any)
-	Println func(a ...any)
-	StdOut  io.Writer
-	StdErr  io.Writer
+	Printf  func(format string, v ...interface{})
+	Println func(a ...interface{})
+	Out     io.Writer

 	logger loggers.Logger

@ -113,11 +98,8 @@ type rootCommand struct {

 	// Some, but not all commands need access to these.
 	// Some needs more than one, so keep them in a small cache.
-	commonConfigs *lazycache.Cache[configKey, *commonConfig]
-	hugoSites     *lazycache.Cache[configKey, *hugolib.HugoSites]
-
-	// changesFromBuild received from Hugo in watch mode.
-	changesFromBuild chan []identity.Identity
+	commonConfigs *lazycache.Cache[int32, *commonConfig]
+	hugoSites     *lazycache.Cache[int32, *hugolib.HugoSites]

 	commands []simplecobra.Commander

@ -126,11 +108,17 @@ type rootCommand struct {
 	buildWatch  bool
 	environment string

+	// File format to read or write (TOML, YAML, JSON).
+	format string
+
 	// Common build flags.
 	baseURL              string
 	gc                   bool
 	poll                 string
+	panicOnWarning       bool
 	forceSyncStatic      bool
+	printPathWarnings    bool
+	printUnusedTemplates bool

 	// Profile flags (for debugging of performance problems)
 	cpuprofile   string
@ -139,31 +127,17 @@ type rootCommand struct {
 	traceprofile string
 	printm       bool

-	logLevel string
-
+	// TODO(bep) var vs string
+	logging        bool
+	verbose        bool
+	verboseLog     bool
+	debug          bool
 	quiet          bool
-	devMode bool // Hidden flag.
-
 	renderToMemory bool

 	cfgFile string
 	cfgDir  string
-}
-
-func (r *rootCommand) isVerbose() bool {
-	return r.logger.Level() <= logg.LevelInfo
-}
-
-func (r *rootCommand) Close() error {
-	if r.hugoSites != nil {
-		r.hugoSites.DeleteFunc(func(key configKey, value *hugolib.HugoSites) bool {
-			if value != nil {
-				value.Close()
-			}
-			return false
-		})
-	}
-	return nil
+	logFile string
 }

 func (r *rootCommand) Build(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, bcfg hugolib.BuildCfg, cfg config.Provider) (*hugolib.HugoSites, error) {
@ -182,8 +156,8 @@ func (r *rootCommand) Commands() []simplecobra.Commander {
 	return r.commands
 }

-func (r *rootCommand) ConfigFromConfig(key configKey, oldConf *commonConfig) (*commonConfig, error) {
-	cc, _, err := r.commonConfigs.GetOrCreate(key, func(key configKey) (*commonConfig, error) {
+func (r *rootCommand) ConfigFromConfig(key int32, oldConf *commonConfig) (*commonConfig, error) {
+	cc, _, err := r.commonConfigs.GetOrCreate(key, func(key int32) (*commonConfig, error) {
 		fs := oldConf.fs
 		configs, err := allconfig.LoadConfig(
 			allconfig.ConfigSourceDescriptor{
@ -193,7 +167,6 @@ func (r *rootCommand) ConfigFromConfig(key configKey, oldConf *commonConfig) (*c
 				ConfigDir:   r.cfgDir,
 				Logger:      r.logger,
 				Environment: r.environment,
-				IgnoreModuleDoesNotExist: key.ignoreModulesDoesNotExists,
 			},
 		)
 		if err != nil {
@ -202,7 +175,7 @@ func (r *rootCommand) ConfigFromConfig(key configKey, oldConf *commonConfig) (*c

 		if !configs.Base.C.Clock.IsZero() {
 			// TODO(bep) find a better place for this.
-			htime.Clock = clocks.Start(configs.Base.C.Clock)
+			htime.Clock = clock.Start(configs.Base.C.Clock)
 		}

 		return &commonConfig{
@ -211,16 +184,18 @@ func (r *rootCommand) ConfigFromConfig(key configKey, oldConf *commonConfig) (*c
 			cfg:     oldConf.cfg,
 			fs:      fs,
 		}, nil
+
 	})

 	return cc, err
+
 }

-func (r *rootCommand) ConfigFromProvider(key configKey, cfg config.Provider) (*commonConfig, error) {
+func (r *rootCommand) ConfigFromProvider(key int32, cfg config.Provider) (*commonConfig, error) {
 	if cfg == nil {
 		panic("cfg must be set")
 	}
-	cc, _, err := r.commonConfigs.GetOrCreate(key, func(key configKey) (*commonConfig, error) {
+	cc, _, err := r.commonConfigs.GetOrCreate(key, func(key int32) (*commonConfig, error) {
 		var dir string
 		if r.source != "" {
 			dir, _ = filepath.Abs(r.source)
@ -232,10 +207,13 @@ func (r *rootCommand) ConfigFromProvider(key configKey, cfg config.Provider) (*c
 			cfg = config.New()
 		}

+		if !cfg.IsSet("renderToDisk") {
+			cfg.Set("renderToDisk", true)
+		}
 		if !cfg.IsSet("workingDir") {
 			cfg.Set("workingDir", dir)
 		} else {
-			if err := os.MkdirAll(cfg.GetString("workingDir"), 0o777); err != nil {
+			if err := os.MkdirAll(cfg.GetString("workingDir"), 0777); err != nil {
 				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create workingDir: %w", err)
 			}
 		}
@ -249,7 +227,6 @@ func (r *rootCommand) ConfigFromProvider(key configKey, cfg config.Provider) (*c
 				ConfigDir:   r.cfgDir,
 				Environment: r.environment,
 				Logger:      r.logger,
-				IgnoreModuleDoesNotExist: key.ignoreModulesDoesNotExists,
 			},
 		)
 		if err != nil {
@ -265,9 +242,11 @@ func (r *rootCommand) ConfigFromProvider(key configKey, cfg config.Provider) (*c
 		renderStaticToDisk := cfg.GetBool("renderStaticToDisk")

 		sourceFs := hugofs.Os
-		var destinationFs afero.Fs
-		if cfg.GetBool("renderToMemory") {
-			destinationFs = afero.NewMemMapFs()
+		var desinationFs afero.Fs
+		if cfg.GetBool("renderToDisk") {
+			desinationFs = hugofs.Os
+		} else {
+			desinationFs = afero.NewMemMapFs()
 			if renderStaticToDisk {
 				// Hybrid, render dynamic content to Root.
 				cfg.Set("publishDirDynamic", "/")
@ -276,18 +255,16 @@ func (r *rootCommand) ConfigFromProvider(key configKey, cfg config.Provider) (*c
 				cfg.Set("publishDirDynamic", "/")
 				cfg.Set("publishDirStatic", "/")
 			}
-		} else {
-			destinationFs = hugofs.Os
 		}

-		fs := hugofs.NewFromSourceAndDestination(sourceFs, destinationFs, cfg)
+		fs := hugofs.NewFromSourceAndDestination(sourceFs, desinationFs, cfg)

 		if renderStaticToDisk {
 			dynamicFs := fs.PublishDir
 			publishDirStatic := cfg.GetString("publishDirStatic")
 			workingDir := cfg.GetString("workingDir")
 			absPublishDirStatic := paths.AbsPathify(workingDir, publishDirStatic)
-			staticFs := hugofs.NewBasePathFs(afero.NewOsFs(), absPublishDirStatic)
+			staticFs := afero.NewBasePathFs(afero.NewOsFs(), absPublishDirStatic)

 			// Serve from both the static and dynamic fs,
 			// the first will take priority.
@ -308,10 +285,10 @@ func (r *rootCommand) ConfigFromProvider(key configKey, cfg config.Provider) (*c

 		if !base.C.Clock.IsZero() {
 			// TODO(bep) find a better place for this.
-			htime.Clock = clocks.Start(configs.Base.C.Clock)
+			htime.Clock = clock.Start(configs.Base.C.Clock)
 		}

-		if base.PrintPathWarnings {
+		if base.LogPathWarnings {
 			// Note that we only care about the "dynamic creates" here,
 			// so skip the static fs.
 			fs.PublishDir = hugofs.NewCreateCountingFs(fs.PublishDir)
@ -328,50 +305,41 @@ func (r *rootCommand) ConfigFromProvider(key configKey, cfg config.Provider) (*c
 	})

 	return cc, err
+
 }

 func (r *rootCommand) HugFromConfig(conf *commonConfig) (*hugolib.HugoSites, error) {
-	k := configKey{counter: r.configVersionID.Load()}
-	h, _, err := r.hugoSites.GetOrCreate(k, func(key configKey) (*hugolib.HugoSites, error) {
-		depsCfg := r.newDepsConfig(conf)
+	h, _, err := r.hugoSites.GetOrCreate(r.configVersionID.Load(), func(key int32) (*hugolib.HugoSites, error) {
+		depsCfg := deps.DepsCfg{Configs: conf.configs, Fs: conf.fs, Logger: r.logger}
 		return hugolib.NewHugoSites(depsCfg)
 	})
 	return h, err
 }

 func (r *rootCommand) Hugo(cfg config.Provider) (*hugolib.HugoSites, error) {
-	return r.getOrCreateHugo(cfg, false)
-}
-
-func (r *rootCommand) getOrCreateHugo(cfg config.Provider, ignoreModuleDoesNotExist bool) (*hugolib.HugoSites, error) {
-	k := configKey{counter: r.configVersionID.Load(), ignoreModulesDoesNotExists: ignoreModuleDoesNotExist}
-	h, _, err := r.hugoSites.GetOrCreate(k, func(key configKey) (*hugolib.HugoSites, error) {
+	h, _, err := r.hugoSites.GetOrCreate(r.configVersionID.Load(), func(key int32) (*hugolib.HugoSites, error) {
 		conf, err := r.ConfigFromProvider(key, cfg)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		depsCfg := r.newDepsConfig(conf)
+		depsCfg := deps.DepsCfg{Configs: conf.configs, Fs: conf.fs, Logger: r.logger}
 		return hugolib.NewHugoSites(depsCfg)
 	})
 	return h, err
 }

-func (r *rootCommand) newDepsConfig(conf *commonConfig) deps.DepsCfg {
-	return deps.DepsCfg{Configs: conf.configs, Fs: conf.fs, StdOut: r.logger.StdOut(), StdErr: r.logger.StdErr(), LogLevel: r.logger.Level(), ChangesFromBuild: r.changesFromBuild}
-}
-
 func (r *rootCommand) Name() string {
 	return "hugo"
 }

 func (r *rootCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args []string) error {
-	b := newHugoBuilder(r, nil)
-
 	if !r.buildWatch {
-		defer b.postBuild("Total", time.Now())
+		defer r.timeTrack(time.Now(), "Total")
 	}

-	if err := b.loadConfig(cd, false); err != nil {
+	b := newHugoBuilder(r, nil)
+
+	if err := b.loadConfig(cd, true); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

@ -380,11 +348,9 @@ func (r *rootCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args
 			defer r.timeTrack(time.Now(), "Built")
 		}
 		err := b.build()
-		if err != nil {
 		return err
-		}
-		return nil
 	}()
+
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@ -422,23 +388,18 @@ func (r *rootCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args
 }

 func (r *rootCommand) PreRun(cd, runner *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
-	r.StdOut = os.Stdout
-	r.StdErr = os.Stderr
+	r.Out = os.Stdout
 	if r.quiet {
-		r.StdOut = io.Discard
-		r.StdErr = io.Discard
+		r.Out = io.Discard
 	}
-	// Used by mkcert (server).
-	log.SetOutput(r.StdOut)
-
-	r.Printf = func(format string, v ...any) {
+	r.Printf = func(format string, v ...interface{}) {
 		if !r.quiet {
-			fmt.Fprintf(r.StdOut, format, v...)
+			fmt.Fprintf(r.Out, format, v...)
 		}
 	}
-	r.Println = func(a ...any) {
+	r.Println = func(a ...interface{}) {
 		if !r.quiet {
-			fmt.Fprintln(r.StdOut, a...)
+			fmt.Fprintln(r.Out, a...)
 		}
 	}
 	_, running := runner.Command.(*serverCommand)
@ -447,60 +408,63 @@ func (r *rootCommand) PreRun(cd, runner *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	// Set up the global logger early to allow info deprecations during config load.
-	loggers.SetGlobalLogger(r.logger)
+	switch r.format {
+	case "json", "toml", "yaml":
+		// OK
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported format %q; must be one of json, toml or yaml", r.format)
+	}

-	r.changesFromBuild = make(chan []identity.Identity, 10)
-
-	r.commonConfigs = lazycache.New(lazycache.Options[configKey, *commonConfig]{MaxEntries: 5})
-	// We don't want to keep stale HugoSites in memory longer than needed.
-	r.hugoSites = lazycache.New(lazycache.Options[configKey, *hugolib.HugoSites]{
-		MaxEntries: 1,
-		OnEvict: func(key configKey, value *hugolib.HugoSites) {
-			value.Close()
-			runtime.GC()
-		},
-	})
+	loggers.PanicOnWarning.Store(r.panicOnWarning)
+	r.commonConfigs = lazycache.New[int32, *commonConfig](lazycache.Options{MaxEntries: 5})
+	r.hugoSites = lazycache.New[int32, *hugolib.HugoSites](lazycache.Options{MaxEntries: 5})

 	return nil
 }

 func (r *rootCommand) createLogger(running bool) (loggers.Logger, error) {
-	level := logg.LevelWarn
+	var (
+		logHandle       = io.Discard
+		logThreshold    = jww.LevelWarn
+		outHandle       = r.Out
+		stdoutThreshold = jww.LevelWarn
+	)

-	if r.devMode {
-		level = logg.LevelTrace
+	if r.verboseLog || r.logging || (r.logFile != "") {
+		var err error
+		if r.logFile != "" {
+			logHandle, err = os.OpenFile(r.logFile, os.O_RDWR|os.O_APPEND|os.O_CREATE, 0666)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("Failed to open log file %q: %s", r.logFile, err)
+			}
 		} else {
-		if r.logLevel != "" {
-			switch strings.ToLower(r.logLevel) {
-			case "debug":
-				level = logg.LevelDebug
-			case "info":
-				level = logg.LevelInfo
-			case "warn", "warning":
-				level = logg.LevelWarn
-			case "error":
-				level = logg.LevelError
-			default:
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid log level: %q, must be one of debug, warn, info or error", r.logLevel)
+			logHandle, err = os.CreateTemp("", "hugo")
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
 			}
 		}
+	} else if r.verbose {
+		stdoutThreshold = jww.LevelInfo
+	}
+
+	if r.debug {
+		stdoutThreshold = jww.LevelDebug
+	}
+
+	if r.verboseLog {
+		logThreshold = jww.LevelInfo
+		if r.debug {
+			logThreshold = jww.LevelDebug
+		}
 	}

-	optsLogger := loggers.Options{
-		DistinctLevel: logg.LevelWarn,
-		Level:         level,
-		StdOut:        r.StdOut,
-		StdErr:        r.StdErr,
-		StoreErrors:   running,
+	loggers.InitGlobalLogger(stdoutThreshold, logThreshold, outHandle, logHandle)
+	helpers.InitLoggers()
+	return loggers.NewLogger(stdoutThreshold, logThreshold, outHandle, logHandle, running), nil
 }

-	return loggers.New(optsLogger), nil
-}
-
-func (r *rootCommand) resetLogs() {
+func (r *rootCommand) Reset() {
 	r.logger.Reset()
-	loggers.Log().Reset()
 }

 // IsTestRun reports whether the command is running as a test.
@ -509,96 +473,80 @@ func (r *rootCommand) IsTestRun() bool {
 }

 func (r *rootCommand) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
-	return r.initRootCommand("", cd)
-}
-
-func (r *rootCommand) initRootCommand(subCommandName string, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
 	cmd := cd.CobraCommand
-	commandName := "hugo"
-	if subCommandName != "" {
-		commandName = subCommandName
-	}
-	cmd.Use = fmt.Sprintf("%s [flags]", commandName)
-	cmd.Short = "Build your site"
-	cmd.Long = `COMMAND_NAME is the main command, used to build your Hugo site.
+	cmd.Use = "hugo [flags]"
+	cmd.Short = "hugo builds your site"
+	cmd.Long = `hugo is the main command, used to build your Hugo site.

 Hugo is a Fast and Flexible Static Site Generator
 built with love by spf13 and friends in Go.

 Complete documentation is available at https://gohugo.io/.`

-	cmd.Long = strings.ReplaceAll(cmd.Long, "COMMAND_NAME", commandName)
-
 	// Configure persistent flags
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&r.source, "source", "s", "", "filesystem path to read files relative from")
-	_ = cmd.MarkFlagDirname("source")
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&r.format, "format", "toml", "preferred file format (toml, yaml or json)")
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().SetAnnotation("source", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringP("destination", "d", "", "filesystem path to write files to")
-	_ = cmd.MarkFlagDirname("destination")
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().SetAnnotation("destination", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})

 	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&r.environment, "environment", "e", "", "build environment")
-	_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("environment", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringP("themesDir", "", "", "filesystem path to themes directory")
-	_ = cmd.MarkFlagDirname("themesDir")
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringP("ignoreVendorPaths", "", "", "ignores any _vendor for module paths matching the given Glob pattern")
-	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolP("noBuildLock", "", false, "don't create .hugo_build.lock file")
-	_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("ignoreVendorPaths", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().String("clock", "", "set the clock used by Hugo, e.g. --clock 2021-11-06T22:30:00.00+09:00")
-	_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("clock", cobra.NoFileCompletions)

 	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&r.cfgFile, "config", "", "config file (default is hugo.yaml|json|toml)")
-	_ = cmd.MarkFlagFilename("config", config.ValidConfigFileExtensions...)
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&r.cfgDir, "configDir", "config", "config dir")
-	_ = cmd.MarkFlagDirname("configDir")
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&r.quiet, "quiet", false, "build in quiet mode")
-	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&r.renderToMemory, "renderToMemory", "M", false, "render to memory (mostly useful when running the server)")

-	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&r.devMode, "devMode", "", false, "only used for internal testing, flag hidden.")
-	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&r.logLevel, "logLevel", "", "log level (debug|info|warn|error)")
-	_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("logLevel", cobra.FixedCompletions([]string{"debug", "info", "warn", "error"}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp))
+	// Set bash-completion
+	_ = cmd.PersistentFlags().SetAnnotation("config", cobra.BashCompFilenameExt, config.ValidConfigFileExtensions)
+
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&r.verbose, "verbose", "v", false, "verbose output")
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&r.debug, "debug", "", false, "debug output")
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&r.logging, "log", false, "enable Logging")
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&r.logFile, "logFile", "", "log File path (if set, logging enabled automatically)")
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&r.verboseLog, "verboseLog", false, "verbose logging")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&r.buildWatch, "watch", "w", false, "watch filesystem for changes and recreate as needed")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&r.renderToMemory, "renderToMemory", false, "render to memory (only useful for benchmark testing)")

-	cmd.PersistentFlags().MarkHidden("devMode")
+	// Set bash-completion
+	_ = cmd.PersistentFlags().SetAnnotation("logFile", cobra.BashCompFilenameExt, []string{})

 	// Configure local flags
-	applyLocalFlagsBuild(cmd, r)
+	applyLocalBuildFlags(cmd, r)
+
+	// Set bash-completion.
+	// Each flag must first be defined before using the SetAnnotation() call.
+	_ = cmd.Flags().SetAnnotation("source", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})

 	return nil
 }

-// A sub set of the complete build flags. These flags are used by new and mod.
-func applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-	cmd.Flags().StringSliceP("theme", "t", []string{}, "themes to use (located in /themes/THEMENAME/)")
-	_ = cmd.MarkFlagDirname("theme")
-	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&r.baseURL, "baseURL", "b", "", "hostname (and path) to the root, e.g. https://spf13.com/")
-	cmd.Flags().StringP("cacheDir", "", "", "filesystem path to cache directory")
-	_ = cmd.MarkFlagDirname("cacheDir")
-	cmd.Flags().StringP("contentDir", "c", "", "filesystem path to content directory")
-	cmd.Flags().StringSliceP("renderSegments", "", []string{}, "named segments to render (configured in the segments config)")
-}
-
-// Flags needed to do a build (used by hugo and hugo server commands)
-func applyLocalFlagsBuild(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-	applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd, r)
+func applyLocalBuildFlags(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
 	cmd.Flags().Bool("cleanDestinationDir", false, "remove files from destination not found in static directories")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolP("buildDrafts", "D", false, "include content marked as draft")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolP("buildFuture", "F", false, "include content with publishdate in the future")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolP("buildExpired", "E", false, "include expired content")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolP("ignoreCache", "", false, "ignores the cache directory")
-	cmd.Flags().Bool("enableGitInfo", false, "add Git revision, date, author, and CODEOWNERS info to the pages")
+	cmd.Flags().StringP("contentDir", "c", "", "filesystem path to content directory")
 	cmd.Flags().StringP("layoutDir", "l", "", "filesystem path to layout directory")
-	_ = cmd.MarkFlagDirname("layoutDir")
+	cmd.Flags().StringP("cacheDir", "", "", "filesystem path to cache directory. Defaults: $TMPDIR/hugo_cache/")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolP("ignoreCache", "", false, "ignores the cache directory")
+	cmd.Flags().StringSliceP("theme", "t", []string{}, "themes to use (located in /themes/THEMENAME/)")
+	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&r.baseURL, "baseURL", "b", "", "hostname (and path) to the root, e.g. https://spf13.com/")
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("enableGitInfo", false, "add Git revision, date, author, and CODEOWNERS info to the pages")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&r.gc, "gc", false, "enable to run some cleanup tasks (remove unused cache files) after the build")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&r.poll, "poll", "", "set this to a poll interval, e.g --poll 700ms, to use a poll based approach to watch for file system changes")
-	_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("poll", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
-	cmd.Flags().Bool("panicOnWarning", false, "panic on first WARNING log")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&r.panicOnWarning, "panicOnWarning", false, "panic on first WARNING log")
 	cmd.Flags().Bool("templateMetrics", false, "display metrics about template executions")
 	cmd.Flags().Bool("templateMetricsHints", false, "calculate some improvement hints when combined with --templateMetrics")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&r.forceSyncStatic, "forceSyncStatic", false, "copy all files when static is changed.")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolP("noTimes", "", false, "don't sync modification time of files")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolP("noChmod", "", false, "don't sync permission mode of files")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolP("noBuildLock", "", false, "don't create .hugo_build.lock file")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolP("printI18nWarnings", "", false, "print missing translations")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolP("printPathWarnings", "", false, "print warnings on duplicate target paths etc.")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolP("printUnusedTemplates", "", false, "print warnings on unused templates.")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&r.printPathWarnings, "printPathWarnings", "", false, "print warnings on duplicate target paths etc.")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&r.printUnusedTemplates, "printUnusedTemplates", "", false, "print warnings on unused templates.")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&r.cpuprofile, "profile-cpu", "", "", "write cpu profile to `file`")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&r.memprofile, "profile-mem", "", "", "write memory profile to `file`")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&r.printm, "printMemoryUsage", "", false, "print memory usage to screen at intervals")
@ -611,8 +559,13 @@ func applyLocalFlagsBuild(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
 	cmd.Flags().MarkHidden("profile-mutex")

 	cmd.Flags().StringSlice("disableKinds", []string{}, "disable different kind of pages (home, RSS etc.)")
-	_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("disableKinds", cobra.FixedCompletions(kinds.AllKinds, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp))
+
 	cmd.Flags().Bool("minify", false, "minify any supported output format (HTML, XML etc.)")
+
+	_ = cmd.Flags().SetAnnotation("cacheDir", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})
+	_ = cmd.Flags().SetAnnotation("destination", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})
+	_ = cmd.Flags().SetAnnotation("theme", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{"themes"})
+
 }

 func (r *rootCommand) timeTrack(start time.Time, name string) {
@ -626,7 +579,7 @@ type simpleCommand struct {
 	short string
 	long  string
 	run   func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, rootCmd *rootCommand, args []string) error
-	withc func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand)
+	withc func(cmd *cobra.Command)
 	initc func(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error

 	commands []simplecobra.Commander
@ -650,7 +603,6 @@ func (c *simpleCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, arg
 }

 func (c *simpleCommand) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
-	c.rootCmd = cd.Root.Command.(*rootCommand)
 	cmd := cd.CobraCommand
 	cmd.Short = c.short
 	cmd.Long = c.long
@ -658,12 +610,13 @@ func (c *simpleCommand) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
 		cmd.Use = c.use
 	}
 	if c.withc != nil {
-		c.withc(cmd, c.rootCmd)
+		c.withc(cmd)
 	}
 	return nil
 }

 func (c *simpleCommand) PreRun(cd, runner *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
+	c.rootCmd = cd.Root.Command.(*rootCommand)
 	if c.initc != nil {
 		return c.initc(cd)
 	}
--- a/commands/commands.go
+++ b/commands/commands.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -14,8 +14,6 @@
 package commands

 import (
-	"context"
-
 	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
 )

@ -23,7 +21,6 @@ import (
 func newExec() (*simplecobra.Exec, error) {
 	rootCmd := &rootCommand{
 		commands: []simplecobra.Commander{
-			newHugoBuildCmd(),
 			newVersionCmd(),
 			newEnvCommand(),
 			newServerCommand(),
@ -40,34 +37,5 @@ func newExec() (*simplecobra.Exec, error) {
 	}

 	return simplecobra.New(rootCmd)
-}

-func newHugoBuildCmd() simplecobra.Commander {
-	return &hugoBuildCommand{}
-}
-
-// hugoBuildCommand just delegates to the rootCommand.
-type hugoBuildCommand struct {
-	rootCmd *rootCommand
-}
-
-func (c *hugoBuildCommand) Commands() []simplecobra.Commander {
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (c *hugoBuildCommand) Name() string {
-	return "build"
-}
-
-func (c *hugoBuildCommand) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
-	c.rootCmd = cd.Root.Command.(*rootCommand)
-	return c.rootCmd.initRootCommand("build", cd)
-}
-
-func (c *hugoBuildCommand) PreRun(cd, runner *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
-	return c.rootCmd.PreRun(cd, runner)
-}
-
-func (c *hugoBuildCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args []string) error {
-	return c.rootCmd.Run(ctx, cd, args)
 }
--- a/commands/config.go
+++ b/commands/config.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -17,18 +17,14 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config/allconfig"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/modules"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/metadecoders"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )

 // newConfigCommand creates a new config command and its subcommands.
@ -38,15 +34,12 @@ func newConfigCommand() *configCommand {
 			&configMountsCommand{},
 		},
 	}
+
 }

 type configCommand struct {
 	r *rootCommand

-	format    string
-	lang      string
-	printZero bool
-
 	commands []simplecobra.Commander
 }

@ -59,49 +52,37 @@ func (c *configCommand) Name() string {
 }

 func (c *configCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args []string) error {
-	conf, err := c.r.ConfigFromProvider(configKey{counter: c.r.configVersionID.Load()}, flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
+	conf, err := c.r.ConfigFromProvider(c.r.configVersionID.Load(), flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	var config *allconfig.Config
-	if c.lang != "" {
-		var found bool
-		config, found = conf.configs.LanguageConfigMap[c.lang]
-		if !found {
-			return fmt.Errorf("language %q not found", c.lang)
-		}
-	} else {
-		config = conf.configs.LanguageConfigSlice[0]
-	}
+	config := conf.configs.Base

 	var buf bytes.Buffer
 	dec := json.NewEncoder(&buf)
 	dec.SetIndent("", "  ")
 	dec.SetEscapeHTML(false)

-	if err := dec.Encode(parser.ReplacingJSONMarshaller{Value: config, KeysToLower: true, OmitEmpty: !c.printZero}); err != nil {
+	if err := dec.Encode(parser.ReplacingJSONMarshaller{Value: config, KeysToLower: true, OmitEmpty: true}); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	format := strings.ToLower(c.format)
+	format := strings.ToLower(c.r.format)

 	switch format {
 	case "json":
 		os.Stdout.Write(buf.Bytes())
 	default:
 		// Decode the JSON to a map[string]interface{} and then unmarshal it again to the correct format.
-		var m map[string]any
+		var m map[string]interface{}
 		if err := json.Unmarshal(buf.Bytes(), &m); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		maps.ConvertFloat64WithNoDecimalsToInt(m)
 		switch format {
 		case "yaml":
 			return parser.InterfaceToConfig(m, metadecoders.YAML, os.Stdout)
 		case "toml":
 			return parser.InterfaceToConfig(m, metadecoders.TOML, os.Stdout)
-		default:
-			return fmt.Errorf("unsupported format: %q", format)
 		}
 	}

@ -109,21 +90,14 @@ func (c *configCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, arg
 }

 func (c *configCommand) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
-	c.r = cd.Root.Command.(*rootCommand)
 	cmd := cd.CobraCommand
-	cmd.Short = "Display site configuration"
-	cmd.Long = `Display site configuration, both default and custom settings.`
-	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&c.format, "format", "toml", "preferred file format (toml, yaml or json)")
-	_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("format", cobra.FixedCompletions([]string{"toml", "yaml", "json"}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp))
-	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&c.lang, "lang", "", "the language to display config for. Defaults to the first language defined.")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&c.printZero, "printZero", false, `include config options with zero values (e.g. false, 0, "") in the output`)
-	_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("lang", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
-	applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd, c.r)
-
+	cmd.Short = "Print the site configuration"
+	cmd.Long = `Print the site configuration, both default and custom settings.`
 	return nil
 }

 func (c *configCommand) PreRun(cd, runner *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
+	c.r = cd.Root.Command.(*rootCommand)
 	return nil
 }

@ -194,10 +168,10 @@ func (m *configModMounts) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 		Dir:     m.m.Dir(),
 		Mounts:  mounts,
 	})
+
 }

 type configMountsCommand struct {
-	r         *rootCommand
 	configCmd *configCommand
 }

@ -211,13 +185,13 @@ func (c *configMountsCommand) Name() string {

 func (c *configMountsCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args []string) error {
 	r := c.configCmd.r
-	conf, err := r.ConfigFromProvider(configKey{counter: c.r.configVersionID.Load()}, flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
+	conf, err := r.ConfigFromProvider(r.configVersionID.Load(), flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

 	for _, m := range conf.configs.Modules {
-		if err := parser.InterfaceToConfig(&configModMounts{m: m, verbose: r.isVerbose()}, metadecoders.JSON, os.Stdout); err != nil {
+		if err := parser.InterfaceToConfig(&configModMounts{m: m, verbose: r.verbose}, metadecoders.JSON, os.Stdout); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@ -225,11 +199,8 @@ func (c *configMountsCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandee
 }

 func (c *configMountsCommand) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
-	c.r = cd.Root.Command.(*rootCommand)
 	cmd := cd.CobraCommand
 	cmd.Short = "Print the configured file mounts"
-	cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
-	applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd, c.r)
 	return nil
 }

--- a/commands/convert.go
+++ b/commands/convert.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -45,8 +45,7 @@ to use JSON for the front matter.`,
 				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
 					return c.convertContents(metadecoders.JSON)
 				},
-				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
+				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 				},
 			},
 			&simpleCommand{
@ -57,8 +56,7 @@ to use TOML for the front matter.`,
 				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
 					return c.convertContents(metadecoders.TOML)
 				},
-				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
+				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 				},
 			},
 			&simpleCommand{
@ -69,8 +67,7 @@ to use YAML for the front matter.`,
 				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
 					return c.convertContents(metadecoders.YAML)
 				},
-				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
+				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 				},
 			},
 		},
@ -87,7 +84,7 @@ type convertCommand struct {
 	r *rootCommand
 	h *hugolib.HugoSites

-	// Commands.
+	// Commmands.
 	commands []simplecobra.Commander
 }

@ -105,16 +102,14 @@ func (c *convertCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, ar

 func (c *convertCommand) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
 	cmd := cd.CobraCommand
-	cmd.Short = "Convert front matter to another format"
-	cmd.Long = `Convert front matter to another format.
+	cmd.Short = "Convert your content to different formats"
+	cmd.Long = `Convert your content (e.g. front matter) to different formats.

 See convert's subcommands toJSON, toTOML and toYAML for more information.`

 	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&c.outputDir, "output", "o", "", "filesystem path to write files to")
-	_ = cmd.MarkFlagDirname("output")
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&c.unsafe, "unsafe", false, "enable less safe operations, please backup first")

-	cmd.RunE = nil
 	return nil
 }

@ -138,14 +133,14 @@ func (c *convertCommand) convertAndSavePage(p page.Page, site *hugolib.Site, tar
 		}
 	}

-	if p.File() == nil {
+	if p.File().IsZero() {
 		// No content file.
 		return nil
 	}

 	errMsg := fmt.Errorf("error processing file %q", p.File().Path())

-	site.Log.Infoln("attempting to convert", p.File().Filename())
+	site.Log.Infoln("ttempting to convert", p.File().Filename())

 	f := p.File()
 	file, err := f.FileInfo().Meta().Open()
@ -213,7 +208,7 @@ func (c *convertCommand) convertContents(format metadecoders.Format) error {

 	var pagesBackedByFile page.Pages
 	for _, p := range site.AllPages() {
-		if p.File() == nil {
+		if p.File().IsZero() {
 			continue
 		}
 		pagesBackedByFile = append(pagesBackedByFile, p)
--- a/commands/deploy.go
+++ b/commands/deploy.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -11,24 +11,38 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-//go:build withdeploy
+//go:build !nodeploy
+// +build !nodeploy
+
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.

 package commands

 import (
 	"context"

-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/deploy"
-
 	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/deploy"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )

 func newDeployCommand() simplecobra.Commander {
+
 	return &simpleCommand{
 		name:  "deploy",
-		short: "Deploy your site to a cloud provider",
-		long: `Deploy your site to a cloud provider
+		short: "Deploy your site to a Cloud provider.",
+		long: `Deploy your site to a Cloud provider.

 See https://gohugo.io/hosting-and-deployment/hugo-deploy/ for detailed
 documentation.
@ -38,14 +52,20 @@ documentation.
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-			deployer, err := deploy.New(h.Configs.GetFirstLanguageConfig(), h.Log, h.PathSpec.PublishFs)
+			deployer, err := deploy.New(h.Configs.GetFirstLanguageConfig(), h.PathSpec.PublishFs)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 			return deployer.Deploy(ctx)
 		},
-		withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-			applyDeployFlags(cmd, r)
+		withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
+			cmd.Flags().String("target", "", "target deployment from deployments section in config file; defaults to the first one")
+			cmd.Flags().Bool("confirm", false, "ask for confirmation before making changes to the target")
+			cmd.Flags().Bool("dryRun", false, "dry run")
+			cmd.Flags().Bool("force", false, "force upload of all files")
+			cmd.Flags().Bool("invalidateCDN", true, "invalidate the CDN cache listed in the deployment target")
+			cmd.Flags().Int("maxDeletes", 256, "maximum # of files to delete, or -1 to disable")
+			cmd.Flags().Int("workers", 10, "number of workers to transfer files. defaults to 10")
 		},
 	}
 }
--- a/commands/deploy_flags.go
+++ b/commands/deploy_flags.go
@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package commands
-
-import (
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/deploy/deployconfig"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-)
-
-func applyDeployFlags(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-	cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
-	cmd.Flags().String("target", "", "target deployment from deployments section in config file; defaults to the first one")
-	_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("target", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
-	cmd.Flags().Bool("confirm", false, "ask for confirmation before making changes to the target")
-	cmd.Flags().Bool("dryRun", false, "dry run")
-	cmd.Flags().Bool("force", false, "force upload of all files")
-	cmd.Flags().Bool("invalidateCDN", deployconfig.DefaultConfig.InvalidateCDN, "invalidate the CDN cache listed in the deployment target")
-	cmd.Flags().Int("maxDeletes", deployconfig.DefaultConfig.MaxDeletes, "maximum # of files to delete, or -1 to disable")
-	_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("maxDeletes", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
-	cmd.Flags().Int("workers", deployconfig.DefaultConfig.Workers, "number of workers to transfer files. defaults to 10")
-	_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("workers", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
-}
--- a/commands/deploy_off.go
+++ b/commands/deploy_off.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -11,9 +11,10 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-//go:build !withdeploy
+//go:build nodeploy
+// +build nodeploy

-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -29,10 +30,8 @@
 package commands

 import (
-	"context"
 	"errors"

-	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )

@ -40,10 +39,9 @@ func newDeployCommand() simplecobra.Commander {
 	return &simpleCommand{
 		name: "deploy",
 		run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
-			return errors.New("deploy not supported in this version of Hugo; install a release with 'withdeploy' in the archive filename or build yourself with the 'withdeploy' build tag. Also see https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/pull/12995")
+			return nil
 		},
-		withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-			applyDeployFlags(cmd, r)
+		withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 			cmd.Hidden = true
 		},
 	}
--- a/commands/env.go
+++ b/commands/env.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -19,21 +19,20 @@ import (

 	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )

 func newEnvCommand() simplecobra.Commander {
 	return &simpleCommand{
 		name:  "env",
-		short: "Display version and environment info",
-		long:  "Display version and environment info. This is useful in Hugo bug reports",
+		short: "Print Hugo version and environment info",
+		long:  "Print Hugo version and environment info. This is useful in Hugo bug reports",
 		run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
 			r.Printf("%s\n", hugo.BuildVersionString())
 			r.Printf("GOOS=%q\n", runtime.GOOS)
 			r.Printf("GOARCH=%q\n", runtime.GOARCH)
 			r.Printf("GOVERSION=%q\n", runtime.Version())

-			if r.isVerbose() {
+			if r.verbose {
 				deps := hugo.GetDependencyList()
 				for _, dep := range deps {
 					r.Printf("%s\n", dep)
@ -48,9 +47,6 @@ func newEnvCommand() simplecobra.Commander {
 			}
 			return nil
 		},
-		withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-			cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
-		},
 	}
 }

@ -61,10 +57,7 @@ func newVersionCmd() simplecobra.Commander {
 			r.Println(hugo.BuildVersionString())
 			return nil
 		},
-		short: "Display version",
-		long:  "Display version and environment info. This is useful in Hugo bug reports.",
-		withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-			cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
-		},
+		short: "Print Hugo version and environment info",
+		long:  "Print Hugo version and environment info. This is useful in Hugo bug reports.",
 	}
 }
--- a/commands/gen.go
+++ b/commands/gen.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -14,14 +14,12 @@
 package commands

 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"path"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"slices"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2"
@ -32,11 +30,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/docshelper"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra/doc"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
 )

 func newGenCommand() *genCommand {
@ -48,9 +43,7 @@ func newGenCommand() *genCommand {
 		// Chroma flags.
 		style          string
 		highlightStyle string
-		lineNumbersInlineStyle string
-		lineNumbersTableStyle  string
-		omitEmpty              bool
+		linesStyle     string
 	)

 	newChromaStyles := func() simplecobra.Commander {
@ -62,49 +55,25 @@ func newGenCommand() *genCommand {
 See https://xyproto.github.io/splash/docs/all.html for a preview of the available styles`,

 			run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
-				style = strings.ToLower(style)
-				if !slices.Contains(styles.Names(), style) {
-					return fmt.Errorf("invalid style: %s", style)
-				}
 				builder := styles.Get(style).Builder()
 				if highlightStyle != "" {
 					builder.Add(chroma.LineHighlight, highlightStyle)
 				}
-				if lineNumbersInlineStyle != "" {
-					builder.Add(chroma.LineNumbers, lineNumbersInlineStyle)
-				}
-				if lineNumbersTableStyle != "" {
-					builder.Add(chroma.LineNumbersTable, lineNumbersTableStyle)
+				if linesStyle != "" {
+					builder.Add(chroma.LineNumbers, linesStyle)
 				}
 				style, err := builder.Build()
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
-
-				var formatter *html.Formatter
-				if omitEmpty {
-					formatter = html.New(html.WithClasses(true))
-				} else {
-					formatter = html.New(html.WithAllClasses(true))
-				}
-
-				w := os.Stdout
-				fmt.Fprintf(w, "/* Generated using: hugo %s */\n\n", strings.Join(os.Args[1:], " "))
-				formatter.WriteCSS(w, style)
+				formatter := html.New(html.WithAllClasses(true))
+				formatter.WriteCSS(os.Stdout, style)
 				return nil
 			},
-			withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-				cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
+			withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 				cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&style, "style", "friendly", "highlighter style (see https://xyproto.github.io/splash/docs/)")
-				_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("style", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
-				cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&highlightStyle, "highlightStyle", "", `foreground and background colors for highlighted lines, e.g. --highlightStyle "#fff000 bg:#000fff"`)
-				_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("highlightStyle", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
-				cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&lineNumbersInlineStyle, "lineNumbersInlineStyle", "", `foreground and background colors for inline line numbers, e.g. --lineNumbersInlineStyle "#fff000 bg:#000fff"`)
-				_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("lineNumbersInlineStyle", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
-				cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&lineNumbersTableStyle, "lineNumbersTableStyle", "", `foreground and background colors for table line numbers, e.g. --lineNumbersTableStyle "#fff000 bg:#000fff"`)
-				_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("lineNumbersTableStyle", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
-				cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&omitEmpty, "omitEmpty", false, `omit empty CSS rules`)
-				_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("omitEmpty", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
+				cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&highlightStyle, "highlightStyle", "bg:#ffffcc", "style used for highlighting lines (see https://github.com/alecthomas/chroma)")
+				cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&linesStyle, "linesStyle", "", "style used for line numbers (see https://github.com/alecthomas/chroma)")
 			},
 		}
 	}
@ -128,7 +97,7 @@ See https://xyproto.github.io/splash/docs/all.html for a preview of the availabl
 				}
 				if found, _ := helpers.Exists(genmandir, hugofs.Os); !found {
 					r.Println("Directory", genmandir, "does not exist, creating...")
-					if err := hugofs.Os.MkdirAll(genmandir, 0o777); err != nil {
+					if err := hugofs.Os.MkdirAll(genmandir, 0777); err != nil {
 						return err
 					}
 				}
@ -141,10 +110,10 @@ See https://xyproto.github.io/splash/docs/all.html for a preview of the availabl

 				return nil
 			},
-			withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-				cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
+			withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 				cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&genmandir, "dir", "man/", "the directory to write the man pages.")
-				_ = cmd.MarkFlagDirname("dir")
+				// For bash-completion
+				cmd.PersistentFlags().SetAnnotation("dir", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})
 			},
 		}
 	}
@ -159,7 +128,7 @@ url: %s

 		return &simpleCommand{
 			name:  "doc",
-			short: "Generate Markdown documentation for the Hugo CLI",
+			short: "Generate Markdown documentation for the Hugo CLI.",
 			long: `Generate Markdown documentation for the Hugo CLI.
 			This command is, mostly, used to create up-to-date documentation
 	of Hugo's command-line interface for https://gohugo.io/.
@ -177,20 +146,20 @@ url: %s
 				}
 				if found, _ := helpers.Exists(gendocdir, hugofs.Os); !found {
 					r.Println("Directory", gendocdir, "does not exist, creating...")
-					if err := hugofs.Os.MkdirAll(gendocdir, 0o777); err != nil {
+					if err := hugofs.Os.MkdirAll(gendocdir, 0777); err != nil {
 						return err
 					}
 				}
 				prepender := func(filename string) string {
 					name := filepath.Base(filename)
 					base := strings.TrimSuffix(name, path.Ext(name))
-					url := "/docs/reference/commands/" + strings.ToLower(base) + "/"
+					url := "/commands/" + strings.ToLower(base) + "/"
 					return fmt.Sprintf(gendocFrontmatterTemplate, strings.Replace(base, "_", " ", -1), base, url)
 				}

 				linkHandler := func(name string) string {
 					base := strings.TrimSuffix(name, path.Ext(name))
-					return "/docs/reference/commands/" + strings.ToLower(base) + "/"
+					return "/commands/" + strings.ToLower(base) + "/"
 				}
 				r.Println("Generating Hugo command-line documentation in", gendocdir, "...")
 				doc.GenMarkdownTreeCustom(cd.CobraCommand.Root(), gendocdir, prepender, linkHandler)
@ -198,12 +167,13 @@ url: %s

 				return nil
 			},
-			withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-				cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
+			withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 				cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&gendocdir, "dir", "/tmp/hugodoc/", "the directory to write the doc.")
-				_ = cmd.MarkFlagDirname("dir")
+				// For bash-completion
+				cmd.PersistentFlags().SetAnnotation("dir", cobra.BashCompSubdirsInDir, []string{})
 			},
 		}
+
 	}

 	var docsHelperTarget string
@ -211,50 +181,31 @@ url: %s
 	newDocsHelper := func() simplecobra.Commander {
 		return &simpleCommand{
 			name:  "docshelper",
-			short: "Generate some data files for the Hugo docs",
+			short: "Generate some data files for the Hugo docs.",

 			run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
 				r.Println("Generate docs data to", docsHelperTarget)

-				var buf bytes.Buffer
-				jsonEnc := json.NewEncoder(&buf)
-
-				configProvider := func() docshelper.DocProvider {
-					conf := hugolib.DefaultConfig()
-					conf.CacheDir = "" // The default value does not make sense in the docs.
-					defaultConfig := parser.NullBoolJSONMarshaller{Wrapped: parser.LowerCaseCamelJSONMarshaller{Value: conf}}
-					return docshelper.DocProvider{"config": defaultConfig}
-				}
-
-				docshelper.AddDocProviderFunc(configProvider)
-				if err := jsonEnc.Encode(docshelper.GetDocProvider()); err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-
-				// Decode the JSON to a map[string]interface{} and then unmarshal it again to the correct format.
-				var m map[string]any
-				if err := json.Unmarshal(buf.Bytes(), &m); err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-
-				targetFile := filepath.Join(docsHelperTarget, "docs.yaml")
+				targetFile := filepath.Join(docsHelperTarget, "docs.json")

 				f, err := os.Create(targetFile)
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
 				defer f.Close()
-				yamlEnc := yaml.NewEncoder(f)
-				if err := yamlEnc.Encode(m); err != nil {
+
+				enc := json.NewEncoder(f)
+				enc.SetIndent("", "  ")
+
+				if err := enc.Encode(docshelper.GetDocProvider()); err != nil {
 					return err
 				}

 				r.Println("Done!")
 				return nil
 			},
-			withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+			withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 				cmd.Hidden = true
-				cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
 				cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&docsHelperTarget, "dir", "", "docs/data", "data dir")
 			},
 		}
@ -268,6 +219,7 @@ url: %s
 			newDocsHelper(),
 		},
 	}
+
 }

 type genCommand struct {
@ -290,10 +242,7 @@ func (c *genCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args [

 func (c *genCommand) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
 	cmd := cd.CobraCommand
-	cmd.Short = "Generate documentation and syntax highlighting styles"
-	cmd.Long = "Generate documentation for your project using Hugo's documentation engine, including syntax highlighting for various programming languages."
-
-	cmd.RunE = nil
+	cmd.Short = "A collection of several useful generators."
 	return nil
 }

--- a/commands/helpers.go
+++ b/commands/helpers.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 package commands

 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
@ -23,6 +24,8 @@ import (

 	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
+	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
 )

@ -78,6 +81,8 @@ func flagsToCfgWithAdditionalConfigBase(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, cfg config.P
 	keyMap := map[string]string{
 		"minify":            "minifyOutput",
 		"destination":       "publishDir",
+		"printI18nWarnings": "logI18nWarnings",
+		"printPathWarnings": "logPathWarnings",
 		"editor":            "newContentEditor",
 	}

@ -86,6 +91,7 @@ func flagsToCfgWithAdditionalConfigBase(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, cfg config.P
 		"quiet":             true,
 		"verbose":           true,
 		"watch":             true,
+		"disableLiveReload": true,
 		"liveReloadPort":    true,
 		"renderToMemory":    true,
 		"clock":             true,
@ -110,11 +116,20 @@ func flagsToCfgWithAdditionalConfigBase(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, cfg config.P
 	})

 	return cfg
+
 }

 func mkdir(x ...string) {
 	p := filepath.Join(x...)
-	err := os.MkdirAll(p, 0o777) // before umask
+	err := os.MkdirAll(p, 0777) // before umask
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func touchFile(fs afero.Fs, filename string) {
+	mkdir(filepath.Dir(filename))
+	err := helpers.WriteToDisk(filename, bytes.NewReader([]byte{}), fs)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Fatal(err)
 	}
--- a/commands/hugo_windows.go
+++ b/commands/hugo_windows.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ func init() {
 	// This message to show to Windows users if Hugo is opened from explorer.exe
 	cobra.MousetrapHelpText = `

-  Hugo is a command-line tool for generating static websites.
+  Hugo is a command-line tool for generating static website.

-  You need to open PowerShell and run Hugo from there.
+  You need to open cmd.exe and run Hugo from there.
  
  Visit https://gohugo.io/ for more information.`
 }
--- a/commands/hugobuilder.go
+++ b/commands/hugobuilder.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ import (
 	"runtime/trace"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
-	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
@ -32,9 +31,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/terminal"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
@ -42,10 +39,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib/filesystems"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/livereload"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/page"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/watcher"
+	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 	"github.com/spf13/fsync"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/semaphore"
@ -62,7 +60,7 @@ type hugoBuilder struct {

 	// Currently only set when in "fast render mode".
 	changeDetector *fileChangeDetector
-	visitedURLs    *types.EvictingQueue[string]
+	visitedURLs    *types.EvictingStringQueue

 	fullRebuildSem *semaphore.Weighted
 	debounce       func(f func())
@ -70,19 +68,15 @@ type hugoBuilder struct {
 	onConfigLoaded func(reloaded bool) error

 	fastRenderMode     bool
+	buildWatch         bool
 	showErrorInBrowser bool

 	errState hugoBuilderErrState
 }

-var errConfigNotSet = errors.New("config not set")
-
 func (c *hugoBuilder) withConfE(fn func(conf *commonConfig) error) error {
 	c.confmu.Lock()
 	defer c.confmu.Unlock()
-	if c.conf == nil {
-		return errConfigNotSet
-	}
 	return fn(c.conf)
 }

@ -90,6 +84,7 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) withConf(fn func(conf *commonConfig)) {
 	c.confmu.Lock()
 	defer c.confmu.Unlock()
 	fn(c.conf)
+
 }

 type hugoBuilderErrState struct {
@ -135,14 +130,52 @@ func (e *hugoBuilderErrState) wasErr() bool {
 	return e.waserr
 }

+func (c *hugoBuilder) errCount() int {
+	return int(c.r.logger.LogCounters().ErrorCounter.Count())
+}
+
 // getDirList provides NewWatcher() with a list of directories to watch for changes.
 func (c *hugoBuilder) getDirList() ([]string, error) {
+	var filenames []string
+
+	walkFn := func(path string, fi hugofs.FileMetaInfo, err error) error {
+		if err != nil {
+			c.r.logger.Errorln("walker: ", err)
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		if fi.IsDir() {
+			if fi.Name() == ".git" ||
+				fi.Name() == "node_modules" || fi.Name() == "bower_components" {
+				return filepath.SkipDir
+			}
+
+			filenames = append(filenames, fi.Meta().Filename)
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	h, err := c.hugo()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	watchFiles := h.PathSpec.BaseFs.WatchDirs()
+	for _, fi := range watchFiles {
+		if !fi.IsDir() {
+			filenames = append(filenames, fi.Meta().Filename)
+			continue
+		}

-	return helpers.UniqueStringsSorted(h.PathSpec.BaseFs.WatchFilenames()), nil
+		w := hugofs.NewWalkway(hugofs.WalkwayConfig{Logger: c.r.logger, Info: fi, WalkFn: walkFn})
+		if err := w.Walk(); err != nil {
+			c.r.logger.Errorln("walker: ", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	filenames = helpers.UniqueStringsSorted(filenames)
+
+	return filenames, nil
 }

 func (c *hugoBuilder) initCPUProfile() (func(), error) {
@ -330,7 +363,7 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) newWatcher(pollIntervalStr string, dirList ...string) (*wa
 		configFiles = conf.configs.LoadingInfo.ConfigFiles
 	})

-	c.r.Println("Watching for config changes in", strings.Join(configFiles, ", "))
+	c.r.logger.Println("Watching for config changes in", strings.Join(configFiles, ", "))
 	for _, configFile := range configFiles {
 		watcher.Add(configFile)
 		configSet[configFile] = true
@ -339,26 +372,6 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) newWatcher(pollIntervalStr string, dirList ...string) (*wa
 	go func() {
 		for {
 			select {
-			case changes := <-c.r.changesFromBuild:
-				unlock, err := h.LockBuild()
-				if err != nil {
-					c.r.logger.Errorln("Failed to acquire a build lock: %s", err)
-					return
-				}
-				c.changeDetector.PrepareNew()
-				err = c.rebuildSitesForChanges(changes)
-				if err != nil {
-					c.r.logger.Errorln("Error while watching:", err)
-				}
-				if c.s != nil && c.s.doLiveReload {
-					doReload := c.changeDetector == nil || len(c.changeDetector.changed()) > 0
-					doReload = doReload || c.showErrorInBrowser && c.errState.buildErr() != nil
-					if doReload {
-						livereload.ForceRefresh()
-					}
-				}
-				unlock()
-
 			case evs := <-watcher.Events:
 				unlock, err := h.LockBuild()
 				if err != nil {
@ -366,7 +379,7 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) newWatcher(pollIntervalStr string, dirList ...string) (*wa
 					return
 				}
 				c.handleEvents(watcher, staticSyncer, evs, configSet)
-				if c.showErrorInBrowser && c.errState.buildErr() != nil {
+				if c.showErrorInBrowser && c.errCount() > 0 {
 					// Need to reload browser to show the error
 					livereload.ForceRefresh()
 				}
@ -405,6 +418,25 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) build() error {
 			return err
 		}

+		if c.r.printPathWarnings {
+			hugofs.WalkFilesystems(h.Fs.PublishDir, func(fs afero.Fs) bool {
+				if dfs, ok := fs.(hugofs.DuplicatesReporter); ok {
+					dupes := dfs.ReportDuplicates()
+					if dupes != "" {
+						c.r.logger.Warnln("Duplicate target paths:", dupes)
+					}
+				}
+				return false
+			})
+		}
+
+		if c.r.printUnusedTemplates {
+			unusedTemplates := h.Tmpl().(tpl.UnusedTemplatesProvider).UnusedTemplates()
+			for _, unusedTemplate := range unusedTemplates {
+				c.r.logger.Warnf("Template %s is unused, source file %s", unusedTemplate.Name(), unusedTemplate.Filename())
+			}
+		}
+
 		h.PrintProcessingStats(os.Stdout)
 		c.r.Println()
 	}
@ -413,17 +445,11 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) build() error {
 }

 func (c *hugoBuilder) buildSites(noBuildLock bool) (err error) {
-	defer func() {
-		c.errState.setBuildErr(err)
-	}()
-
-	var h *hugolib.HugoSites
-	h, err = c.hugo()
+	h, err := c.hugo()
 	if err != nil {
-		return
+		return err
 	}
-	err = h.Build(hugolib.BuildCfg{NoBuildLock: noBuildLock})
-	return
+	return h.Build(hugolib.BuildCfg{NoBuildLock: noBuildLock})
 }

 func (c *hugoBuilder) copyStatic() (map[string]uint64, error) {
@ -435,7 +461,6 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) copyStatic() (map[string]uint64, error) {
 }

 func (c *hugoBuilder) copyStaticTo(sourceFs *filesystems.SourceFilesystem) (uint64, error) {
-	infol := c.r.logger.InfoCommand("static")
 	publishDir := helpers.FilePathSeparator

 	if sourceFs.PublishFolder != "" {
@ -459,13 +484,13 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) copyStaticTo(sourceFs *filesystems.SourceFilesystem) (uint
 	syncer.SrcFs = fs

 	if syncer.Delete {
-		infol.Logf("removing all files from destination that don't exist in static dirs")
+		c.r.logger.Infoln("removing all files from destination that don't exist in static dirs")

-		syncer.DeleteFilter = func(f fsync.FileInfo) bool {
+		syncer.DeleteFilter = func(f os.FileInfo) bool {
 			return f.IsDir() && strings.HasPrefix(f.Name(), ".")
 		}
 	}
-	start := time.Now()
+	c.r.logger.Infoln("syncing static files to", publishDir)

 	// because we are using a baseFs (to get the union right).
 	// set sync src to root
@ -473,10 +498,9 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) copyStaticTo(sourceFs *filesystems.SourceFilesystem) (uint
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
-	loggers.TimeTrackf(infol, start, nil, "syncing static files to %s", publishDir)

-	// Sync runs Stat 2 times for every source file.
-	numFiles := fs.statCounter / 2
+	// Sync runs Stat 3 times for every source file (which sounds much)
+	numFiles := fs.statCounter / 3

 	return numFiles, err
 }
@ -521,14 +545,15 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) fullBuild(noBuildLock bool) error {
 		langCount map[string]uint64
 	)

-	c.r.logger.Println("Start building sites … ")
-	c.r.logger.Println(hugo.BuildVersionString())
-	c.r.logger.Println()
+	if !c.r.quiet {
+		fmt.Println("Start building sites … ")
+		fmt.Println(hugo.BuildVersionString())
 		if terminal.IsTerminal(os.Stdout) {
 			defer func() {
 				fmt.Print(showCursor + clearLine)
 			}()
 		}
+	}

 	copyStaticFunc := func() error {
 		cnt, err := c.copyStatic()
@ -612,16 +637,13 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) fullRebuild(changeType string) {
 			time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
 		}()

-		defer c.postBuild("Rebuilt", time.Now())
+		defer c.r.timeTrack(time.Now(), "Rebuilt")

 		err := c.reloadConfig()
 		if err != nil {
 			// Set the processing on pause until the state is recovered.
 			c.errState.setPaused(true)
 			c.handleBuildErr(err, "Failed to reload config")
-			if c.s.doLiveReload {
-				livereload.ForceRefresh()
-			}
 		} else {
 			c.errState.setPaused(false)
 		}
@ -650,44 +672,13 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) handleBuildErr(err error, msg string) {
 func (c *hugoBuilder) handleEvents(watcher *watcher.Batcher,
 	staticSyncer *staticSyncer,
 	evs []fsnotify.Event,
-	configSet map[string]bool,
-) {
+	configSet map[string]bool) {
 	defer func() {
 		c.errState.setWasErr(false)
 	}()

 	var isHandled bool

-	// Filter out ghost events (from deleted, renamed directories).
-	// This seems to be a bug in fsnotify, or possibly MacOS.
-	var n int
-	for _, ev := range evs {
-		keep := true
-		// Write and rename operations are often followed by CHMOD.
-		// There may be valid use cases for rebuilding the site on CHMOD,
-		// but that will require more complex logic than this simple conditional.
-		// On OS X this seems to be related to Spotlight, see:
-		// https://github.com/go-fsnotify/fsnotify/issues/15
-		// A workaround is to put your site(s) on the Spotlight exception list,
-		// but that may be a little mysterious for most end users.
-		// So, for now, we skip reload on CHMOD.
-		// We do have to check for WRITE though. On slower laptops a Chmod
-		// could be aggregated with other important events, and we still want
-		// to rebuild on those
-		if ev.Op == fsnotify.Chmod {
-			keep = false
-		} else if ev.Has(fsnotify.Create) || ev.Has(fsnotify.Write) {
-			if _, err := os.Stat(ev.Name); err != nil {
-				keep = false
-			}
-		}
-		if keep {
-			evs[n] = ev
-			n++
-		}
-	}
-	evs = evs[:n]
-
 	for _, ev := range evs {
 		isConfig := configSet[ev.Name]
 		configChangeType := configChangeConfig
@ -755,39 +746,48 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) handleEvents(watcher *watcher.Batcher,
 		return
 	}

-	c.r.logger.Debugln("Received System Events:", evs)
+	c.r.logger.Infoln("Received System Events:", evs)

 	staticEvents := []fsnotify.Event{}
 	dynamicEvents := []fsnotify.Event{}

-	filterDuplicateEvents := func(evs []fsnotify.Event) []fsnotify.Event {
-		seen := make(map[string]bool)
-		var n int
-		for _, ev := range evs {
-			if seen[ev.Name] {
-				continue
-			}
-			seen[ev.Name] = true
-			evs[n] = ev
-			n++
-		}
-		return evs[:n]
-	}
-
+	filtered := []fsnotify.Event{}
 	h, err := c.hugo()
 	if err != nil {
 		c.r.logger.Errorln("Error getting the Hugo object:", err)
 		return
 	}
-	n = 0
 	for _, ev := range evs {
 		if h.ShouldSkipFileChangeEvent(ev) {
 			continue
 		}
-		evs[n] = ev
-		n++
+		// Check the most specific first, i.e. files.
+		contentMapped := h.ContentChanges.GetSymbolicLinkMappings(ev.Name)
+		if len(contentMapped) > 0 {
+			for _, mapped := range contentMapped {
+				filtered = append(filtered, fsnotify.Event{Name: mapped, Op: ev.Op})
 			}
-	evs = evs[:n]
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Check for any symbolic directory mapping.
+
+		dir, name := filepath.Split(ev.Name)
+
+		contentMapped = h.ContentChanges.GetSymbolicLinkMappings(dir)
+
+		if len(contentMapped) == 0 {
+			filtered = append(filtered, ev)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		for _, mapped := range contentMapped {
+			mappedFilename := filepath.Join(mapped, name)
+			filtered = append(filtered, fsnotify.Event{Name: mappedFilename, Op: ev.Op})
+		}
+	}
+
+	evs = filtered

 	for _, ev := range evs {
 		ext := filepath.Ext(ev.Name)
@ -795,7 +795,6 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) handleEvents(watcher *watcher.Batcher,
 		istemp := strings.HasSuffix(ext, "~") ||
 			(ext == ".swp") || // vim
 			(ext == ".swx") || // vim
-			(ext == ".bck") || // helix
 			(ext == ".tmp") || // generic temp file
 			(ext == ".DS_Store") || // OSX Thumbnail
 			baseName == "4913" || // vim
@ -809,7 +808,6 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) handleEvents(watcher *watcher.Batcher,
 		if istemp {
 			continue
 		}
-
 		if h.Deps.SourceSpec.IgnoreFile(ev.Name) {
 			continue
 		}
@ -818,7 +816,22 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) handleEvents(watcher *watcher.Batcher,
 			continue
 		}

-		walkAdder := func(path string, f hugofs.FileMetaInfo) error {
+		// Write and rename operations are often followed by CHMOD.
+		// There may be valid use cases for rebuilding the site on CHMOD,
+		// but that will require more complex logic than this simple conditional.
+		// On OS X this seems to be related to Spotlight, see:
+		// https://github.com/go-fsnotify/fsnotify/issues/15
+		// A workaround is to put your site(s) on the Spotlight exception list,
+		// but that may be a little mysterious for most end users.
+		// So, for now, we skip reload on CHMOD.
+		// We do have to check for WRITE though. On slower laptops a Chmod
+		// could be aggregated with other important events, and we still want
+		// to rebuild on those
+		if ev.Op&(fsnotify.Chmod|fsnotify.Write|fsnotify.Create) == fsnotify.Chmod {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		walkAdder := func(path string, f hugofs.FileMetaInfo, err error) error {
 			if f.IsDir() {
 				c.r.logger.Println("adding created directory to watchlist", path)
 				if err := watcher.Add(path); err != nil {
@ -834,10 +847,11 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) handleEvents(watcher *watcher.Batcher,
 		}

 		// recursively add new directories to watch list
-		if ev.Has(fsnotify.Create) || ev.Has(fsnotify.Rename) {
+		// When mkdir -p is used, only the top directory triggers an event (at least on OSX)
+		if ev.Op&fsnotify.Create == fsnotify.Create {
 			c.withConf(func(conf *commonConfig) {
 				if s, err := conf.fs.Source.Stat(ev.Name); err == nil && s.Mode().IsDir() {
-					_ = helpers.Walk(conf.fs.Source, ev.Name, walkAdder)
+					_ = helpers.SymbolicWalk(conf.fs.Source, ev.Name, walkAdder)
 				}
 			})
 		}
@ -849,11 +863,6 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) handleEvents(watcher *watcher.Batcher,
 		}
 	}

-	lrl := c.r.logger.InfoCommand("livereload")
-
-	staticEvents = filterDuplicateEvents(staticEvents)
-	dynamicEvents = filterDuplicateEvents(dynamicEvents)
-
 	if len(staticEvents) > 0 {
 		c.printChangeDetected("Static files")

@ -874,20 +883,19 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) handleEvents(watcher *watcher.Batcher,
 		if c.s != nil && c.s.doLiveReload {
 			// Will block forever trying to write to a channel that nobody is reading if livereload isn't initialized

+			// force refresh when more than one file
 			if !c.errState.wasErr() && len(staticEvents) == 1 {
+				ev := staticEvents[0]
 				h, err := c.hugo()
 				if err != nil {
 					c.r.logger.Errorln("Error getting the Hugo object:", err)
 					return
 				}
+				path := h.BaseFs.SourceFilesystems.MakeStaticPathRelative(ev.Name)
+				path = h.RelURL(helpers.ToSlashTrimLeading(path), false)

-				path := h.BaseFs.SourceFilesystems.MakeStaticPathRelative(staticEvents[0].Name)
-				path = h.RelURL(paths.ToSlashTrimLeading(path), false)
-
-				lrl.Logf("refreshing static file %q", path)
 				livereload.RefreshPath(path)
 			} else {
-				lrl.Logf("got %d static file change events, force refresh", len(staticEvents))
 				livereload.ForceRefresh()
 			}
 		}
@ -898,47 +906,33 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) handleEvents(watcher *watcher.Batcher,
 			h.BaseFs.SourceFilesystems,
 			dynamicEvents)

-		onePageName := pickOneWriteOrCreatePath(h.Conf.ContentTypes(), partitionedEvents.ContentEvents)
+		onePageName := pickOneWriteOrCreatePath(partitionedEvents.ContentEvents)

 		c.printChangeDetected("")
 		c.changeDetector.PrepareNew()

 		func() {
-			defer c.postBuild("Total", time.Now())
+			defer c.r.timeTrack(time.Now(), "Total")
 			if err := c.rebuildSites(dynamicEvents); err != nil {
 				c.handleBuildErr(err, "Rebuild failed")
 			}
 		}()

 		if c.s != nil && c.s.doLiveReload {
+			if len(partitionedEvents.ContentEvents) == 0 && len(partitionedEvents.AssetEvents) > 0 {
 				if c.errState.wasErr() {
 					livereload.ForceRefresh()
 					return
 				}
-
 				changed := c.changeDetector.changed()
-			if c.changeDetector != nil {
-				if len(changed) >= 10 {
-					lrl.Logf("build changed %d files", len(changed))
-				} else {
-					lrl.Logf("build changed %d files: %q", len(changed), changed)
-				}
-				if len(changed) == 0 {
+				if c.changeDetector != nil && len(changed) == 0 {
 					// Nothing has changed.
 					return
-				}
-			}
-
-			// If this change set also contains one or more CSS files, we need to
-			// refresh these as well.
-			var cssChanges []string
-			var otherChanges []string
-
-			for _, ev := range changed {
-				if strings.HasSuffix(ev, ".css") {
-					cssChanges = append(cssChanges, ev)
+				} else if len(changed) == 1 {
+					pathToRefresh := h.PathSpec.RelURL(helpers.ToSlashTrimLeading(changed[0]), false)
+					livereload.RefreshPath(pathToRefresh)
 				} else {
-					otherChanges = append(otherChanges, ev)
+					livereload.ForceRefresh()
 				}
 			}

@ -954,50 +948,15 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) handleEvents(watcher *watcher.Batcher,
 					}
 				}

-				if p != nil && p.RelPermalink() != "" {
-					link, port := p.RelPermalink(), p.Site().ServerPort()
-					lrl.Logf("navigating to %q using port %d", link, port)
-					livereload.NavigateToPathForPort(link, port)
+				if p != nil {
+					livereload.NavigateToPathForPort(p.RelPermalink(), p.Site().ServerPort())
 				} else {
-					lrl.Logf("no page to navigate to, force refresh")
 					livereload.ForceRefresh()
 				}
-			} else if len(otherChanges) > 0 {
-				if len(otherChanges) == 1 {
-					// Allow single changes to be refreshed without a full page reload.
-					pathToRefresh := h.PathSpec.RelURL(paths.ToSlashTrimLeading(otherChanges[0]), false)
-					lrl.Logf("refreshing %q", pathToRefresh)
-					livereload.RefreshPath(pathToRefresh)
-				} else if len(cssChanges) == 0 || len(otherChanges) > 1 {
-					lrl.Logf("force refresh")
-					livereload.ForceRefresh()
-				}
-			} else {
-				lrl.Logf("force refresh")
-				livereload.ForceRefresh()
-			}
-
-			if len(cssChanges) > 0 {
-				// Allow some time for the live reload script to get reconnected.
-				if len(otherChanges) > 0 {
-					time.Sleep(200 * time.Millisecond)
-				}
-				for _, ev := range cssChanges {
-					pathToRefresh := h.PathSpec.RelURL(paths.ToSlashTrimLeading(ev), false)
-					lrl.Logf("refreshing CSS %q", pathToRefresh)
-					livereload.RefreshPath(pathToRefresh)
 			}
 		}
 	}
 }
-}
-
-func (c *hugoBuilder) postBuild(what string, start time.Time) {
-	if h, err := c.hugo(); err == nil && h.Conf.Running() {
-		h.LogServerAddresses()
-	}
-	c.r.timeTrack(start, what)
-}

 func (c *hugoBuilder) hugo() (*hugolib.HugoSites, error) {
 	var h *hugolib.HugoSites
@ -1005,6 +964,7 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) hugo() (*hugolib.HugoSites, error) {
 		var err error
 		h, err = c.r.HugFromConfig(conf)
 		return err
+
 	}); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@ -1028,43 +988,23 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) hugoTry() *hugolib.HugoSites {

 func (c *hugoBuilder) loadConfig(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, running bool) error {
 	cfg := config.New()
-	cfg.Set("renderToMemory", c.r.renderToMemory)
+	cfg.Set("renderToDisk", (c.s == nil && !c.r.renderToMemory) || (c.s != nil && c.s.renderToDisk))
 	watch := c.r.buildWatch || (c.s != nil && c.s.serverWatch)
-	if c.r.environment == "" {
-		// We need to set the environment as early as possible because we need it to load the correct config.
-		// Check if the user has set it in env.
-		if env := os.Getenv("HUGO_ENVIRONMENT"); env != "" {
-			c.r.environment = env
-		} else if env := os.Getenv("HUGO_ENV"); env != "" {
-			c.r.environment = env
-		} else {
-			if c.s != nil {
-				// The server defaults to development.
-				c.r.environment = hugo.EnvironmentDevelopment
-			} else {
-				c.r.environment = hugo.EnvironmentProduction
-			}
-		}
-	}
+	if c.r.environment != "" {
 		cfg.Set("environment", c.r.environment)
+	}

 	cfg.Set("internal", maps.Params{
 		"running": running,
 		"watch":   watch,
-		"verbose":        c.r.isVerbose(),
-		"fastRenderMode": c.fastRenderMode,
+		"verbose": c.r.verbose,
 	})

-	conf, err := c.r.ConfigFromProvider(configKey{counter: c.r.configVersionID.Load()}, flagsToCfg(cd, cfg))
+	conf, err := c.r.ConfigFromProvider(c.r.configVersionID.Load(), flagsToCfg(cd, cfg))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	if len(conf.configs.LoadingInfo.ConfigFiles) == 0 {
-		//lint:ignore ST1005 end user message.
-		return errors.New("Unable to locate config file or config directory. Perhaps you need to create a new site.\nRun `hugo help new` for details.")
-	}
-
 	c.conf = conf
 	if c.onConfigLoaded != nil {
 		if err := c.onConfigLoaded(false); err != nil {
@ -1073,65 +1013,57 @@ func (c *hugoBuilder) loadConfig(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, running bool) error
 	}

 	return nil
-}

-var rebuildCounter atomic.Uint64
+}

 func (c *hugoBuilder) printChangeDetected(typ string) {
 	msg := "\nChange"
 	if typ != "" {
 		msg += " of " + typ
 	}
-	msg += fmt.Sprintf(" detected, rebuilding site (#%d).", rebuildCounter.Add(1))
+	msg += " detected, rebuilding site."

 	c.r.logger.Println(msg)
 	const layout = "2006-01-02 15:04:05.000 -0700"
 	c.r.logger.Println(htime.Now().Format(layout))
 }

-func (c *hugoBuilder) rebuildSites(events []fsnotify.Event) (err error) {
-	defer func() {
-		c.errState.setBuildErr(err)
-	}()
+func (c *hugoBuilder) rebuildSites(events []fsnotify.Event) error {
 	if err := c.errState.buildErr(); err != nil {
 		ferrs := herrors.UnwrapFileErrorsWithErrorContext(err)
 		for _, err := range ferrs {
 			events = append(events, fsnotify.Event{Name: err.Position().Filename, Op: fsnotify.Write})
 		}
 	}
-	var h *hugolib.HugoSites
-	h, err = c.hugo()
+	c.errState.setBuildErr(nil)
+	visited := c.visitedURLs.PeekAllSet()
+	h, err := c.hugo()
 	if err != nil {
-		return
+		return err
 	}
-	err = h.Build(hugolib.BuildCfg{NoBuildLock: true, RecentlyTouched: c.visitedURLs, ErrRecovery: c.errState.wasErr()}, events...)
-	return
+	if c.fastRenderMode {
+		c.withConf(func(conf *commonConfig) {
+			// Make sure we always render the home pages
+			for _, l := range conf.configs.Languages {
+				langPath := h.GetLangSubDir(l.Lang)
+				if langPath != "" {
+					langPath = langPath + "/"
 				}
-
-func (c *hugoBuilder) rebuildSitesForChanges(ids []identity.Identity) (err error) {
-	defer func() {
-		c.errState.setBuildErr(err)
-	}()
-
-	var h *hugolib.HugoSites
-	h, err = c.hugo()
-	if err != nil {
-		return
+				home := h.PrependBasePath("/"+langPath, false)
+				visited[home] = true
 			}
-	whatChanged := &hugolib.WhatChanged{}
-	whatChanged.Add(ids...)
-	err = h.Build(hugolib.BuildCfg{NoBuildLock: true, WhatChanged: whatChanged, RecentlyTouched: c.visitedURLs, ErrRecovery: c.errState.wasErr()})
-
-	return
+		})
+	}
+	return h.Build(hugolib.BuildCfg{NoBuildLock: true, RecentlyVisited: visited, ErrRecovery: c.errState.wasErr()}, events...)
 }

 func (c *hugoBuilder) reloadConfig() error {
-	c.r.resetLogs()
+	c.r.Reset()
 	c.r.configVersionID.Add(1)

 	if err := c.withConfE(func(conf *commonConfig) error {
 		oldConf := conf
-		newConf, err := c.r.ConfigFromConfig(configKey{counter: c.r.configVersionID.Load()}, conf)
+		newConf, err := c.r.ConfigFromConfig(c.r.configVersionID.Load(), conf)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
--- a/commands/import.go
+++ b/commands/import.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -19,10 +19,12 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"log"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"regexp"
+
+	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"
+
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
@ -57,8 +59,7 @@ Import from Jekyll requires two paths, e.g. ` + "`hugo import jekyll jekyll_root
 					}
 					return c.importFromJekyll(args)
 				},
-				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
+				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 					cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&c.force, "force", false, "allow import into non-empty target directory")
 				},
 			},
@ -66,6 +67,7 @@ Import from Jekyll requires two paths, e.g. ` + "`hugo import jekyll jekyll_root
 	}

 	return c
+
 }

 type importCommand struct {
@ -90,12 +92,11 @@ func (c *importCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, arg

 func (c *importCommand) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
 	cmd := cd.CobraCommand
-	cmd.Short = "Import a site from another system"
-	cmd.Long = `Import a site from another system.
+	cmd.Short = "Import your site from others."
+	cmd.Long = `Import your site from other web site generators like Jekyll.

 Import requires a subcommand, e.g. ` + "`hugo import jekyll jekyll_root_path target_path`."

-	cmd.RunE = nil
 	return nil
 }

@ -298,7 +299,7 @@ func (c *importCommand) convertJekyllMetaData(m any, postName string, postDate t
 }

 func (c *importCommand) convertJekyllPost(path, relPath, targetDir string, draft bool) error {
-	log.Println("Converting", path)
+	jww.TRACE.Println("Converting", path)

 	filename := filepath.Base(path)
 	postDate, postName, err := c.parseJekyllFilename(filename)
@ -307,11 +308,11 @@ func (c *importCommand) convertJekyllPost(path, relPath, targetDir string, draft
 		return nil
 	}

-	log.Println(filename, postDate, postName)
+	jww.TRACE.Println(filename, postDate, postName)

 	targetFile := filepath.Join(targetDir, relPath)
 	targetParentDir := filepath.Dir(targetFile)
-	os.MkdirAll(targetParentDir, 0o777)
+	os.MkdirAll(targetParentDir, 0777)

 	contentBytes, err := os.ReadFile(path)
 	if err != nil {
@ -366,7 +367,7 @@ func (c *importCommand) copyJekyllFilesAndFolders(jekyllRoot, dest string, jekyl
 				if _, ok := jekyllPostDirs[entry.Name()]; !ok {
 					err = hugio.CopyDir(fs, sfp, dfp, nil)
 					if err != nil {
-						c.r.logger.Errorln(err)
+						jww.ERROR.Println(err)
 					}
 				}
 			}
@ -387,7 +388,7 @@ func (c *importCommand) copyJekyllFilesAndFolders(jekyllRoot, dest string, jekyl
 			if !isExcept && entry.Name()[0] != '.' && entry.Name()[0] != '_' {
 				err = hugio.CopyFile(fs, sfp, dfp)
 				if err != nil {
-					c.r.logger.Errorln(err)
+					jww.ERROR.Println(err)
 				}
 			}
 		}
@ -397,6 +398,7 @@ func (c *importCommand) copyJekyllFilesAndFolders(jekyllRoot, dest string, jekyl
 }

 func (c *importCommand) importFromJekyll(args []string) error {
+
 	jekyllRoot, err := filepath.Abs(filepath.Clean(args[0]))
 	if err != nil {
 		return newUserError("path error:", args[0])
@ -427,7 +429,11 @@ func (c *importCommand) importFromJekyll(args []string) error {
 	c.r.Println("Importing...")

 	fileCount := 0
-	callback := func(path string, fi hugofs.FileMetaInfo) error {
+	callback := func(path string, fi hugofs.FileMetaInfo, err error) error {
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
 		if fi.IsDir() {
 			return nil
 		}
@ -456,19 +462,16 @@ func (c *importCommand) importFromJekyll(args []string) error {

 	for jekyllPostDir, hasAnyPostInDir := range jekyllPostDirs {
 		if hasAnyPostInDir {
-			if err = helpers.Walk(hugofs.Os, filepath.Join(jekyllRoot, jekyllPostDir), callback); err != nil {
+			if err = helpers.SymbolicWalk(hugofs.Os, filepath.Join(jekyllRoot, jekyllPostDir), callback); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 		}
 	}

 	c.r.Println("Congratulations!", fileCount, "post(s) imported!")
-	c.r.Println("Now, start Hugo by yourself:\n")
-	c.r.Println("cd " + args[1])
-	c.r.Println("git init")
-	c.r.Println("git submodule add https://github.com/theNewDynamic/gohugo-theme-ananke themes/ananke")
-	c.r.Println("echo \"theme = 'ananke'\" > hugo.toml")
-	c.r.Println("hugo server")
+	c.r.Println("Now, start Hugo by yourself:\n" +
+		"$ git clone https://github.com/spf13/herring-cove.git " + args[1] + "/themes/herring-cove")
+	c.r.Println("$ cd " + args[1] + "\n$ hugo server --theme=herring-cove")

 	return nil
 }
--- a/commands/list.go
+++ b/commands/list.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -23,14 +23,15 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/page"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/resource"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )

 // newListCommand creates a new list command and its subcommands.
 func newListCommand() *listCommand {
+
 	createRecord := func(workingDir string, p page.Page) []string {
 		return []string{
 			filepath.ToSlash(strings.TrimPrefix(p.File().Filename(), workingDir+string(os.PathSeparator))),
@ -41,14 +42,12 @@ func newListCommand() *listCommand {
 			p.PublishDate().Format(time.RFC3339),
 			strconv.FormatBool(p.Draft()),
 			p.Permalink(),
-			p.Kind(),
-			p.Section(),
 		}
 	}

 	list := func(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, shouldInclude func(page.Page) bool, opts ...any) error {
 		bcfg := hugolib.BuildCfg{SkipRender: true}
-		cfg := flagsToCfg(cd, nil)
+		cfg := config.New()
 		for i := 0; i < len(opts); i += 2 {
 			cfg.Set(opts[i].(string), opts[i+1])
 		}
@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ func newListCommand() *listCommand {
 			return err
 		}

-		writer := csv.NewWriter(r.StdOut)
+		writer := csv.NewWriter(r.Out)
 		defer writer.Flush()

 		writer.Write([]string{
@ -69,8 +68,6 @@ func newListCommand() *listCommand {
 			"publishDate",
 			"draft",
 			"permalink",
-			"kind",
-			"section",
 		})

 		for _, p := range h.Pages() {
@ -79,24 +76,29 @@ func newListCommand() *listCommand {
 				if err := writer.Write(record); err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
 			}
 		}

 		return nil
+
 	}

 	return &listCommand{
 		commands: []simplecobra.Commander{
 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "drafts",
-				short: "List draft content",
-				long:  `List draft content.`,
+				short: "List all drafts",
+				long:  `List all of the drafts in your content directory.`,
 				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
 					shouldInclude := func(p page.Page) bool {
-						if !p.Draft() || p.File() == nil {
+						if !p.Draft() || p.File().IsZero() {
 							return false
 						}
 						return true
+
 					}
 					return list(cd, r, shouldInclude,
 						"buildDrafts", true,
@ -104,37 +106,32 @@ func newListCommand() *listCommand {
 						"buildExpired", true,
 					)
 				},
-				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
-				},
 			},
 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "future",
-				short: "List future content",
-				long:  `List content with a future publication date.`,
+				short: "List all posts dated in the future",
+				long:  `List all of the posts in your content directory which will be posted in the future.`,
 				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
 					shouldInclude := func(p page.Page) bool {
-						if !resource.IsFuture(p) || p.File() == nil {
+						if !resource.IsFuture(p) || p.File().IsZero() {
 							return false
 						}
 						return true
+
 					}
 					return list(cd, r, shouldInclude,
 						"buildFuture", true,
 						"buildDrafts", true,
 					)
 				},
-				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
-				},
 			},
 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "expired",
-				short: "List expired content",
-				long:  `List content with a past expiration date.`,
+				short: "List all posts already expired",
+				long:  `List all of the posts in your content directory which has already expired.`,
 				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
 					shouldInclude := func(p page.Page) bool {
-						if !resource.IsExpired(p) || p.File() == nil {
+						if !resource.IsExpired(p) || p.File().IsZero() {
 							return false
 						}
 						return true
@ -144,40 +141,21 @@ func newListCommand() *listCommand {
 						"buildDrafts", true,
 					)
 				},
-				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
-				},
 			},
 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "all",
-				short: "List all content",
-				long:  `List all content including draft, future, and expired.`,
+				short: "List all posts",
+				long:  `List all of the posts in your content directory, include drafts, future and expired pages.`,
 				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
 					shouldInclude := func(p page.Page) bool {
-						return p.File() != nil
+						return !p.File().IsZero()
 					}
 					return list(cd, r, shouldInclude, "buildDrafts", true, "buildFuture", true, "buildExpired", true)
 				},
-				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
-				},
-			},
-			&simpleCommand{
-				name:  "published",
-				short: "List published content",
-				long:  `List content that is not draft, future, or expired.`,
-				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
-					shouldInclude := func(p page.Page) bool {
-						return !p.Draft() && !resource.IsFuture(p) && !resource.IsExpired(p) && p.File() != nil
-					}
-					return list(cd, r, shouldInclude)
-				},
-				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
-				},
 			},
 		},
 	}
+
 }

 type listCommand struct {
@ -199,12 +177,11 @@ func (c *listCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args

 func (c *listCommand) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
 	cmd := cd.CobraCommand
-	cmd.Short = "List content"
-	cmd.Long = `List content.
+	cmd.Short = "Listing out various types of content"
+	cmd.Long = `Listing out various types of content.

 List requires a subcommand, e.g. hugo list drafts`

-	cmd.RunE = nil
 	return nil
 }

--- a/commands/mod.go
+++ b/commands/mod.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -44,12 +44,12 @@ func newModCommands() *modCommands {

 	npmCommand := &simpleCommand{
 		name:  "npm",
-		short: "Various npm helpers",
+		short: "Various npm helpers.",
 		long:  `Various npm (Node package manager) helpers.`,
 		commands: []simplecobra.Commander{
 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "pack",
-				short: "Experimental: Prepares and writes a composite package.json file for your project",
+				short: "Experimental: Prepares and writes a composite package.json file for your project.",
 				long: `Prepares and writes a composite package.json file for your project.

 On first run it creates a "package.hugo.json" in the project root if not already there. This file will be used as a template file
@ -61,16 +61,12 @@ This command is marked as 'Experimental'. We think it's a great idea, so it's no
 removed from Hugo, but we need to test this out in "real life" to get a feel of it,
 so this may/will change in future versions of Hugo.
 `,
-				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
-					applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd, r)
-				},
 				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
 					h, err := r.Hugo(flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
 					if err != nil {
 						return err
 					}
-					return npm.Pack(h.BaseFs.ProjectSourceFs, h.BaseFs.AssetsWithDuplicatesPreserved.Fs)
+					return npm.Pack(h.BaseFs.SourceFs, h.BaseFs.Assets.Dirs)
 				},
 			},
 		},
@ -80,7 +76,7 @@ so this may/will change in future versions of Hugo.
 		commands: []simplecobra.Commander{
 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "init",
-				short: "Initialize this project as a Hugo Module",
+				short: "Initialize this project as a Hugo Module.",
 				long: `Initialize this project as a Hugo Module.
 	It will try to guess the module path, but you may help by passing it as an argument, e.g:
 	
@ -89,12 +85,8 @@ so this may/will change in future versions of Hugo.
 	Note that Hugo Modules supports multi-module projects, so you can initialize a Hugo Module
 	inside a subfolder on GitHub, as one example.
 	`,
-				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
-					applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd, r)
-				},
 				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
-					h, err := r.getOrCreateHugo(flagsToCfg(cd, nil), true)
+					h, err := r.Hugo(flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
 					if err != nil {
 						return err
 					}
@ -102,24 +94,18 @@ so this may/will change in future versions of Hugo.
 					if len(args) >= 1 {
 						initPath = args[0]
 					}
-					c := h.Configs.ModulesClient
-					if err := c.Init(initPath); err != nil {
-						return err
-					}
-					return nil
+					return h.Configs.ModulesClient.Init(initPath)
 				},
 			},
 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "verify",
-				short: "Verify dependencies",
+				short: "Verify dependencies.",
 				long:  `Verify checks that the dependencies of the current module, which are stored in a local downloaded source cache, have not been modified since being downloaded.`,
-				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
-					applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd, r)
+				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 					cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&clean, "clean", "", false, "delete module cache for dependencies that fail verification")
 				},
 				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
-					conf, err := r.ConfigFromProvider(configKey{counter: r.configVersionID.Load()}, flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
+					conf, err := r.ConfigFromProvider(r.configVersionID.Load(), flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
 					if err != nil {
 						return err
 					}
@ -129,17 +115,15 @@ so this may/will change in future versions of Hugo.
 			},
 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "graph",
-				short: "Print a module dependency graph",
+				short: "Print a module dependency graph.",
 				long: `Print a module dependency graph with information about module status (disabled, vendored).
 Note that for vendored modules, that is the version listed and not the one from go.mod.
 `,
-				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
-					applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd, r)
+				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 					cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&clean, "clean", "", false, "delete module cache for dependencies that fail verification")
 				},
 				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
-					conf, err := r.ConfigFromProvider(configKey{counter: r.configVersionID.Load()}, flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
+					conf, err := r.ConfigFromProvider(r.configVersionID.Load(), flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
 					if err != nil {
 						return err
 					}
@ -149,13 +133,10 @@ Note that for vendored modules, that is the version listed and not the one from
 			},
 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "clean",
-				short: "Delete the Hugo Module cache for the current project",
+				short: "Delete the Hugo Module cache for the current project.",
 				long:  `Delete the Hugo Module cache for the current project.`,
-				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
-					applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd, r)
+				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 					cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&pattern, "pattern", "", "", `pattern matching module paths to clean (all if not set), e.g. "**hugo*"`)
-					_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("pattern", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
 					cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&all, "all", "", false, "clean entire module cache")
 				},
 				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
@ -175,11 +156,7 @@ Note that for vendored modules, that is the version listed and not the one from
 			},
 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "tidy",
-				short: "Remove unused entries in go.mod and go.sum",
-				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
-					applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd, r)
-				},
+				short: "Remove unused entries in go.mod and go.sum.",
 				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
 					h, err := r.Hugo(flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
 					if err != nil {
@ -190,14 +167,10 @@ Note that for vendored modules, that is the version listed and not the one from
 			},
 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "vendor",
-				short: "Vendor all module dependencies into the _vendor directory",
+				short: "Vendor all module dependencies into the _vendor directory.",
 				long: `Vendor all module dependencies into the _vendor directory.
 	If a module is vendored, that is where Hugo will look for it's dependencies.
 	`,
-				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
-					applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd, r)
-				},
 				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
 					h, err := r.Hugo(flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
 					if err != nil {
@ -209,9 +182,9 @@ Note that for vendored modules, that is the version listed and not the one from

 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "get",
-				short: "Resolves dependencies in your current Hugo project",
+				short: "Resolves dependencies in your current Hugo Project.",
 				long: `
-Resolves dependencies in your current Hugo project.
+Resolves dependencies in your current Hugo Project.

 Some examples:

@ -223,26 +196,20 @@ Install a specific version:

    hugo mod get github.com/gohugoio/testshortcodes@v0.3.0

-Install the latest versions of all direct module dependencies:
-
-    hugo mod get
-    hugo mod get ./... (recursive)
-
-Install the latest versions of all module dependencies (direct and indirect):
+Install the latest versions of all module dependencies:

    hugo mod get -u
    hugo mod get -u ./... (recursive)

 Run "go help get" for more information. All flags available for "go get" is also relevant here.
 ` + commonUsageMod,
-				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 					cmd.DisableFlagParsing = true
-					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
 				},
 				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
 					// We currently just pass on the flags we get to Go and
 					// need to do the flag handling manually.
-					if len(args) == 1 && (args[0] == "-h" || args[0] == "--help") {
+					if len(args) == 1 && args[0] == "-h" {
 						return errHelp
 					}

@ -272,14 +239,13 @@ Run "go help get" for more information. All flags available for "go get" is also
 							if info.Name() == "go.mod" {
 								// Found a module.
 								dir := filepath.Dir(path)
-
+								r.Println("Update module in", dir)
 								cfg := config.New()
 								cfg.Set("workingDir", dir)
-								conf, err := r.ConfigFromProvider(configKey{counter: r.configVersionID.Add(1)}, flagsToCfg(cd, cfg))
+								conf, err := r.ConfigFromProvider(r.configVersionID.Load(), flagsToCfg(cd, cfg))
 								if err != nil {
 									return err
 								}
-								r.Println("Update module in", conf.configs.Base.WorkingDir)
 								client := conf.configs.ModulesClient
 								return client.Get(args...)

@ -288,7 +254,7 @@ Run "go help get" for more information. All flags available for "go get" is also
 						})
 						return nil
 					} else {
-						conf, err := r.ConfigFromProvider(configKey{counter: r.configVersionID.Load()}, flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
+						conf, err := r.ConfigFromProvider(r.configVersionID.Load(), flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
 						if err != nil {
 							return err
 						}
@ -300,6 +266,7 @@ Run "go help get" for more information. All flags available for "go get" is also
 			npmCommand,
 		},
 	}
+
 }

 type modCommands struct {
@ -317,7 +284,7 @@ func (c *modCommands) Name() string {
 }

 func (c *modCommands) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args []string) error {
-	_, err := c.r.ConfigFromProvider(configKey{counter: c.r.configVersionID.Load()}, nil)
+	_, err := c.r.ConfigFromProvider(c.r.configVersionID.Load(), nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@ -328,7 +295,7 @@ func (c *modCommands) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args

 func (c *modCommands) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
 	cmd := cd.CobraCommand
-	cmd.Short = "Manage modules"
+	cmd.Short = "Various Hugo Modules helpers."
 	cmd.Long = `Various helpers to help manage the modules in your project's dependency graph.
 Most operations here requires a Go version installed on your system (>= Go 1.12) and the relevant VCS client (typically Git).
 This is not needed if you only operate on modules inside /themes or if you have vendored them via "hugo mod vendor".
--- a/commands/new.go
+++ b/commands/new.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -16,14 +16,19 @@ package commands
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/create"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/create/skeletons"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/parser/metadecoders"
+	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )

@ -31,7 +36,6 @@ func newNewCommand() *newCommand {
 	var (
 		force       bool
 		contentType string
-		format      string
 	)

 	var c *newCommand
@ -40,7 +44,7 @@ func newNewCommand() *newCommand {
 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "content",
 				use:   "content [path]",
-				short: "Create new content",
+				short: "Create new content for your site",
 				long: `Create a new content file and automatically set the date and title.
 		It will guess which kind of file to create based on the path provided.
 		
@ -51,7 +55,7 @@ If archetypes are provided in your theme or site, they will be used.
 		Ensure you run this within the root directory of your site.`,
 				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
 					if len(args) < 1 {
-						return newUserError("path needs to be provided")
+						return errors.New("path needs to be provided")
 					}
 					h, err := r.Hugo(flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
 					if err != nil {
@ -59,28 +63,22 @@ Ensure you run this within the root directory of your site.`,
 					}
 					return create.NewContent(h, contentType, args[0], force)
 				},
-				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string, toComplete string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
-						if len(args) != 0 {
-							return []string{}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
-						}
-						return []string{}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp | cobra.ShellCompDirectiveFilterDirs
-					}
+				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 					cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&contentType, "kind", "k", "", "content type to create")
 					cmd.Flags().String("editor", "", "edit new content with this editor, if provided")
-					_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("editor", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
 					cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&force, "force", "f", false, "overwrite file if it already exists")
-					applyLocalFlagsBuildConfig(cmd, r)
 				},
 			},
 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "site",
 				use:   "site [path]",
-				short: "Create a new site",
-				long:  `Create a new site at the specified path.`,
+				short: "Create a new site (skeleton)",
+				long: `Create a new site in the provided directory.
+The new site will have the correct structure, but no content or theme yet.
+Use ` + "`hugo new [contentPath]`" + ` to create new content.`,
 				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
 					if len(args) < 1 {
-						return newUserError("path needs to be provided")
+						return errors.New("path needs to be provided")
 					}
 					createpath, err := filepath.Abs(filepath.Clean(args[0]))
 					if err != nil {
@ -91,77 +89,166 @@ Ensure you run this within the root directory of your site.`,
 					cfg.Set("workingDir", createpath)
 					cfg.Set("publishDir", "public")

-					conf, err := r.ConfigFromProvider(configKey{counter: r.configVersionID.Load()}, flagsToCfg(cd, cfg))
+					conf, err := r.ConfigFromProvider(r.configVersionID.Load(), flagsToCfg(cd, cfg))
 					if err != nil {
 						return err
 					}
 					sourceFs := conf.fs.Source

-					err = skeletons.CreateSite(createpath, sourceFs, force, format)
-					if err != nil {
-						return err
+					archeTypePath := filepath.Join(createpath, "archetypes")
+					dirs := []string{
+						archeTypePath,
+						filepath.Join(createpath, "assets"),
+						filepath.Join(createpath, "content"),
+						filepath.Join(createpath, "data"),
+						filepath.Join(createpath, "layouts"),
+						filepath.Join(createpath, "static"),
+						filepath.Join(createpath, "themes"),
 					}

-					r.Printf("Congratulations! Your new Hugo site was created in %s.\n\n", createpath)
-					r.Println(c.newSiteNextStepsText(createpath, format))
+					if exists, _ := helpers.Exists(createpath, sourceFs); exists {
+						if isDir, _ := helpers.IsDir(createpath, sourceFs); !isDir {
+							return errors.New(createpath + " already exists but not a directory")
+						}
+
+						isEmpty, _ := helpers.IsEmpty(createpath, sourceFs)
+
+						switch {
+						case !isEmpty && !force:
+							return errors.New(createpath + " already exists and is not empty. See --force.")
+
+						case !isEmpty && force:
+							all := append(dirs, filepath.Join(createpath, "hugo."+r.format))
+							for _, path := range all {
+								if exists, _ := helpers.Exists(path, sourceFs); exists {
+									return errors.New(path + " already exists")
+								}
+							}
+						}
+					}
+
+					for _, dir := range dirs {
+						if err := sourceFs.MkdirAll(dir, 0777); err != nil {
+							return fmt.Errorf("failed to create dir: %w", err)
+						}
+					}
+
+					c.newSiteCreateConfig(sourceFs, createpath, r.format)
+
+					// Create a default archetype file.
+					helpers.SafeWriteToDisk(filepath.Join(archeTypePath, "default.md"),
+						strings.NewReader(create.DefaultArchetypeTemplateTemplate), sourceFs)
+
+					r.Printf("Congratulations! Your new Hugo site is created in %s.\n\n", createpath)
+					r.Println(c.newSiteNextStepsText())

 					return nil
 				},
-				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string, toComplete string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
-						if len(args) != 0 {
-							return []string{}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
-						}
-						return []string{}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp | cobra.ShellCompDirectiveFilterDirs
-					}
-					cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&force, "force", "f", false, "init inside non-empty directory")
-					cmd.Flags().StringVar(&format, "format", "toml", "preferred file format (toml, yaml or json)")
-					_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("format", cobra.FixedCompletions([]string{"toml", "yaml", "json"}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp))
+				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
+					cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&force, "force", false, "init inside non-empty directory")
 				},
 			},
 			&simpleCommand{
 				name:  "theme",
-				use:   "theme [name]",
-				short: "Create a new theme",
-				long: `Create a new theme with the specified name in the ./themes directory.
-This generates a functional theme including template examples and sample content.`,
+				use:   "theme [path]",
+				short: "Create a new site (skeleton)",
+				long: `Create a new site in the provided directory.
+The new site will have the correct structure, but no content or theme yet.
+Use ` + "`hugo new [contentPath]`" + ` to create new content.`,
 				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
-					if len(args) < 1 {
-						return newUserError("theme name needs to be provided")
-					}
-					cfg := config.New()
-					cfg.Set("publishDir", "public")
-
-					conf, err := r.ConfigFromProvider(configKey{counter: r.configVersionID.Load()}, flagsToCfg(cd, cfg))
+					h, err := r.Hugo(flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
 					if err != nil {
 						return err
 					}
-					sourceFs := conf.fs.Source
-					createpath := paths.AbsPathify(conf.configs.Base.WorkingDir, filepath.Join(conf.configs.Base.ThemesDir, args[0]))
-					r.Println("Creating new theme in", createpath)
+					ps := h.PathSpec
+					sourceFs := ps.Fs.Source
+					themesDir := h.Configs.LoadingInfo.BaseConfig.ThemesDir
+					createpath := ps.AbsPathify(filepath.Join(themesDir, args[0]))
+					r.Println("Creating theme at", createpath)

-					err = skeletons.CreateTheme(createpath, sourceFs, format)
+					if x, _ := helpers.Exists(createpath, sourceFs); x {
+						return errors.New(createpath + " already exists")
+					}
+
+					for _, filename := range []string{
+						"index.html",
+						"404.html",
+						"_default/list.html",
+						"_default/single.html",
+						"partials/head.html",
+						"partials/header.html",
+						"partials/footer.html",
+					} {
+						touchFile(sourceFs, filepath.Join(createpath, "layouts", filename))
+					}
+
+					baseofDefault := []byte(`<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+    {{- partial "head.html" . -}}
+    <body>
+        {{- partial "header.html" . -}}
+        <div id="content">
+        {{- block "main" . }}{{- end }}
+        </div>
+        {{- partial "footer.html" . -}}
+    </body>
+</html>
+`)
+
+					err = helpers.WriteToDisk(filepath.Join(createpath, "layouts", "_default", "baseof.html"), bytes.NewReader(baseofDefault), sourceFs)
 					if err != nil {
 						return err
 					}

+					mkdir(createpath, "archetypes")
+
+					archDefault := []byte("+++\n+++\n")
+
+					err = helpers.WriteToDisk(filepath.Join(createpath, "archetypes", "default.md"), bytes.NewReader(archDefault), sourceFs)
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+
+					mkdir(createpath, "static", "js")
+					mkdir(createpath, "static", "css")
+
+					by := []byte(`The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) ` + htime.Now().Format("2006") + ` YOUR_NAME_HERE
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+`)
+
+					err = helpers.WriteToDisk(filepath.Join(createpath, "LICENSE"), bytes.NewReader(by), sourceFs)
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+
+					c.createThemeMD(ps.Fs.Source, createpath)
+
 					return nil
 				},
-				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string, toComplete string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
-						if len(args) != 0 {
-							return []string{}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
-						}
-						return []string{}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp | cobra.ShellCompDirectiveFilterDirs
-					}
-					cmd.Flags().StringVar(&format, "format", "toml", "preferred file format (toml, yaml or json)")
-					_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("format", cobra.FixedCompletions([]string{"toml", "yaml", "json"}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp))
-				},
 			},
 		},
 	}

 	return c
+
 }

 type newCommand struct {
@ -184,7 +271,7 @@ func (c *newCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args [

 func (c *newCommand) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
 	cmd := cd.CobraCommand
-	cmd.Short = "Create new content"
+	cmd.Short = "Create new content for your site"
 	cmd.Long = `Create a new content file and automatically set the date and title.
 It will guess which kind of file to create based on the path provided.

@ -193,8 +280,6 @@ You can also specify the kind with ` + "`-k KIND`" + `.
 If archetypes are provided in your theme or site, they will be used.

 Ensure you run this within the root directory of your site.`
-
-	cmd.RunE = nil
 	return nil
 }

@ -203,25 +288,77 @@ func (c *newCommand) PreRun(cd, runner *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (c *newCommand) newSiteNextStepsText(path string, format string) string {
-	format = strings.ToLower(format)
+func (c *newCommand) newSiteCreateConfig(fs afero.Fs, inpath string, kind string) (err error) {
+	in := map[string]string{
+		"baseURL":      "http://example.org/",
+		"title":        "My New Hugo Site",
+		"languageCode": "en-us",
+	}
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	err = parser.InterfaceToConfig(in, metadecoders.FormatFromString(kind), &buf)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return helpers.WriteToDisk(filepath.Join(inpath, "hugo."+kind), &buf, fs)
+}
+
+func (c *newCommand) newSiteNextStepsText() string {
 	var nextStepsText bytes.Buffer

-	nextStepsText.WriteString(`Just a few more steps...
+	nextStepsText.WriteString(`Just a few more steps and you're ready to go:

-1. Change the current directory to ` + path + `.
-2. Create or install a theme:
-   - Create a new theme with the command "hugo new theme <THEMENAME>"
-   - Or, install a theme from https://themes.gohugo.io/
-3. Edit hugo.` + format + `, setting the "theme" property to the theme name.
-4. Create new content with the command "hugo new content `)
+1. Download a theme into the same-named folder.
+   Choose a theme from https://themes.gohugo.io/ or
+   create your own with the "hugo new theme <THEMENAME>" command.
+2. Perhaps you want to add some content. You can add single files
+   with "hugo new `)

 	nextStepsText.WriteString(filepath.Join("<SECTIONNAME>", "<FILENAME>.<FORMAT>"))

 	nextStepsText.WriteString(`".
-5. Start the embedded web server with the command "hugo server --buildDrafts".
+3. Start the built-in live server via "hugo server".

-See documentation at https://gohugo.io/.`)
+Visit https://gohugo.io/ for quickstart guide and full documentation.`)

 	return nextStepsText.String()
 }
+
+func (c *newCommand) createThemeMD(fs afero.Fs, inpath string) (err error) {
+
+	by := []byte(`# theme.toml template for a Hugo theme
+# See https://github.com/gohugoio/hugoThemes#themetoml for an example
+
+name = "` + strings.Title(helpers.MakeTitle(filepath.Base(inpath))) + `"
+license = "MIT"
+licenselink = "https://github.com/yourname/yourtheme/blob/master/LICENSE"
+description = ""
+homepage = "http://example.com/"
+tags = []
+features = []
+min_version = "0.112.0"
+
+[author]
+  name = ""
+  homepage = ""
+
+# If porting an existing theme
+[original]
+  name = ""
+  homepage = ""
+  repo = ""
+`)
+
+	err = helpers.WriteToDisk(filepath.Join(inpath, "theme.toml"), bytes.NewReader(by), fs)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	err = helpers.WriteToDisk(filepath.Join(inpath, "hugo.toml"), strings.NewReader("# Theme config.\n"), fs)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
--- a/commands/release.go
+++ b/commands/release.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 // Note: This is a command only meant for internal use and must be run
 // via "go run -tags release main.go release" on the actual code base that is in the release.
 func newReleaseCommand() simplecobra.Commander {
+
 	var (
 		step     int
 		skipPush bool
@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ func newReleaseCommand() simplecobra.Commander {

 	return &simpleCommand{
 		name:  "release",
-		short: "Release a new version of Hugo",
+		short: "Release a new version of Hugo.",
 		run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
 			rel, err := releaser.New(skipPush, try, step)
 			if err != nil {
@ -41,13 +42,11 @@ func newReleaseCommand() simplecobra.Commander {

 			return rel.Run()
 		},
-		withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
+		withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 			cmd.Hidden = true
-			cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
 			cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&skipPush, "skip-push", "", false, "skip pushing to remote")
 			cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&try, "try", "", false, "no changes")
 			cmd.PersistentFlags().IntVarP(&step, "step", "", 0, "step to run (1: set new version 2: prepare next dev version)")
-			_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("step", cobra.FixedCompletions([]string{"1", "2"}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp))
 		},
 	}
 }
--- a/commands/server.go
+++ b/commands/server.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -16,59 +16,52 @@ package commands
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
-	"crypto/tls"
-	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/json"
-	"encoding/pem"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"maps"
+	"io/ioutil"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
-	_ "net/http/pprof"
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+
 	"os/signal"
 	"path"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"regexp"
-	"sort"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
-	"sync"
-	"sync/atomic"
 	"syscall"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/bep/mclib"
-	"github.com/pkg/browser"
-
 	"github.com/bep/debounce"
 	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
 	"github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hugo"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl/tplimpl"
-
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/urls"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs/files"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib/filesystems"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/livereload"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/transform"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/transform/livereloadinject"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	"github.com/spf13/fsync"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/semaphore"
 )

 var (
+	logErrorRe                    = regexp.MustCompile(`(?s)ERROR \d{4}/\d{2}/\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2} `)
 	logDuplicateTemplateExecuteRe = regexp.MustCompile(`: template: .*?:\d+:\d+: executing ".*?"`)
 	logDuplicateTemplateParseRe   = regexp.MustCompile(`: template: .*?:\d+:\d*`)
 )
@ -85,19 +78,11 @@ const (
 	configChangeGoWork = "go work file"
 )

-const (
-	hugoHeaderRedirect = "X-Hugo-Redirect"
-)
-
 func newHugoBuilder(r *rootCommand, s *serverCommand, onConfigLoaded ...func(reloaded bool) error) *hugoBuilder {
-	var visitedURLs *types.EvictingQueue[string]
-	if s != nil && !s.disableFastRender {
-		visitedURLs = types.NewEvictingQueue[string](20)
-	}
 	return &hugoBuilder{
 		r:              r,
 		s:              s,
-		visitedURLs:    visitedURLs,
+		visitedURLs:    types.NewEvictingStringQueue(100),
 		fullRebuildSem: semaphore.NewWeighted(1),
 		debounce:       debounce.New(4 * time.Second),
 		onConfigLoaded: func(reloaded bool) error {
@ -112,38 +97,13 @@ func newHugoBuilder(r *rootCommand, s *serverCommand, onConfigLoaded ...func(rel
 }

 func newServerCommand() *serverCommand {
-	// Flags.
-	var uninstall bool
-
-	c := &serverCommand{
+	var c *serverCommand
+	c = &serverCommand{
 		quit: make(chan bool),
-		commands: []simplecobra.Commander{
-			&simpleCommand{
-				name:  "trust",
-				short: "Install the local CA in the system trust store",
-				run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
-					action := "-install"
-					if uninstall {
-						action = "-uninstall"
 	}
-					os.Args = []string{action}
-					return mclib.RunMain()
-				},
-				withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command, r *rootCommand) {
-					cmd.ValidArgsFunction = cobra.NoFileCompletions
-					cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&uninstall, "uninstall", false, "Uninstall the local CA (but do not delete it).")
-				},
-			},
-		},
-	}
-
 	return c
 }

-func (c *serverCommand) Commands() []simplecobra.Commander {
-	return c.commands
-}
-
 type countingStatFs struct {
 	afero.Fs
 	statCounter uint64
@ -169,16 +129,16 @@ type dynamicEvents struct {

 type fileChangeDetector struct {
 	sync.Mutex
-	current map[string]uint64
-	prev    map[string]uint64
+	current map[string]string
+	prev    map[string]string

 	irrelevantRe *regexp.Regexp
 }

-func (f *fileChangeDetector) OnFileClose(name string, checksum uint64) {
+func (f *fileChangeDetector) OnFileClose(name, md5sum string) {
 	f.Lock()
 	defer f.Unlock()
-	f.current[name] = checksum
+	f.current[name] = md5sum
 }

 func (f *fileChangeDetector) PrepareNew() {
@ -190,14 +150,16 @@ func (f *fileChangeDetector) PrepareNew() {
 	defer f.Unlock()

 	if f.current == nil {
-		f.current = make(map[string]uint64)
-		f.prev = make(map[string]uint64)
+		f.current = make(map[string]string)
+		f.prev = make(map[string]string)
 		return
 	}

-	f.prev = make(map[string]uint64)
-	maps.Copy(f.prev, f.current)
-	f.current = make(map[string]uint64)
+	f.prev = make(map[string]string)
+	for k, v := range f.current {
+		f.prev[k] = v
+	}
+	f.current = make(map[string]string)
 }

 func (f *fileChangeDetector) changed() []string {
@ -214,22 +176,21 @@ func (f *fileChangeDetector) changed() []string {
 		}
 	}

-	return f.filterIrrelevantAndSort(c)
+	return f.filterIrrelevant(c)
 }

-func (f *fileChangeDetector) filterIrrelevantAndSort(in []string) []string {
+func (f *fileChangeDetector) filterIrrelevant(in []string) []string {
 	var filtered []string
 	for _, v := range in {
 		if !f.irrelevantRe.MatchString(v) {
 			filtered = append(filtered, v)
 		}
 	}
-	sort.Strings(filtered)
 	return filtered
 }

 type fileServer struct {
-	baseURLs      []urls.BaseURL
+	baseURLs      []string
 	roots         []string
 	errorTemplate func(err any) (io.Reader, error)
 	c             *serverCommand
@ -243,16 +204,15 @@ func (f *fileServer) createEndpoint(i int) (*http.ServeMux, net.Listener, string
 	listener := f.c.serverPorts[i].ln
 	logger := f.c.r.logger

+	r.Printf("Environment: %q", f.c.hugoTry().Deps.Site.Hugo().Environment)
+
 	if i == 0 {
-		r.Printf("Environment: %q\n", f.c.hugoTry().Deps.Site.Hugo().Environment)
-		mainTarget := "disk"
-		if f.c.r.renderToMemory {
-			mainTarget = "memory"
-		}
-		if f.c.renderStaticToDisk {
-			r.Printf("Serving pages from %s and static files from disk\n", mainTarget)
+		if f.c.renderToDisk {
+			r.Println("Serving pages from disk")
+		} else if f.c.renderStaticToDisk {
+			r.Println("Serving pages from memory and static files from disk")
 		} else {
-			r.Printf("Serving pages from %s\n", mainTarget)
+			r.Println("Serving pages from memory")
 		}
 	}

@ -266,6 +226,12 @@ func (f *fileServer) createEndpoint(i int) (*http.ServeMux, net.Listener, string
 		r.Println("Running in Fast Render Mode. For full rebuilds on change: hugo server --disableFastRender")
 	}

+	// We're only interested in the path
+	u, err := url.Parse(baseURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, "", "", fmt.Errorf("invalid baseURL: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	decorate := func(h http.Handler) http.Handler {
 		return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 			if f.c.showErrorInBrowser {
@ -285,7 +251,7 @@ func (f *fileServer) createEndpoint(i int) (*http.ServeMux, net.Listener, string
 							port = lrport
 						}
 					})
-					lr := baseURL.URL()
+					lr := *u
 					lr.Host = fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", lr.Hostname(), port)
 					fmt.Fprint(w, injectLiveReloadScript(r, lr))

@ -310,19 +276,19 @@ func (f *fileServer) createEndpoint(i int) (*http.ServeMux, net.Listener, string
 				w.Header().Set(header.Key, header.Value)
 			}

-			if canRedirect(requestURI, r) {
-				if redirect := serverConfig.MatchRedirect(requestURI, r.Header); !redirect.IsZero() {
+			if redirect := serverConfig.MatchRedirect(requestURI); !redirect.IsZero() {
+				// fullName := filepath.Join(dir, filepath.FromSlash(path.Clean("/"+name)))
 				doRedirect := true
-					// This matches Netlify's behavior and is needed for SPA behavior.
+				// This matches Netlify's behaviour and is needed for SPA behaviour.
 				// See https://docs.netlify.com/routing/redirects/rewrites-proxies/
 				if !redirect.Force {
-						path := filepath.Clean(strings.TrimPrefix(requestURI, baseURL.Path()))
+					path := filepath.Clean(strings.TrimPrefix(requestURI, u.Path))
 					if root != "" {
 						path = filepath.Join(root, path)
 					}
 					var fs afero.Fs
 					f.c.withConf(func(conf *commonConfig) {
-							fs = conf.fs.PublishDirServer
+						fs = conf.fs.PublishDir
 					})

 					fi, err := fs.Stat(path)
@ -340,11 +306,10 @@ func (f *fileServer) createEndpoint(i int) (*http.ServeMux, net.Listener, string
 				}

 				if doRedirect {
-						w.Header().Set(hugoHeaderRedirect, "true")
 					switch redirect.Status {
 					case 404:
 						w.WriteHeader(404)
-							file, err := fs.Open(strings.TrimPrefix(redirect.To, baseURL.Path()))
+						file, err := fs.Open(strings.TrimPrefix(redirect.To, u.Path))
 						if err == nil {
 							defer file.Close()
 							io.Copy(w, file)
@ -353,7 +318,7 @@ func (f *fileServer) createEndpoint(i int) (*http.ServeMux, net.Listener, string
 						}
 						return
 					case 200:
-							if r2 := f.rewriteRequest(r, strings.TrimPrefix(redirect.To, baseURL.Path())); r2 != nil {
+						if r2 := f.rewriteRequest(r, strings.TrimPrefix(redirect.To, u.Path)); r2 != nil {
 							requestURI = redirect.To
 							r = r2
 						}
@ -364,11 +329,11 @@ func (f *fileServer) createEndpoint(i int) (*http.ServeMux, net.Listener, string

 					}
 				}
-				}
+
 			}

 			if f.c.fastRenderMode && f.c.errState.buildErr() == nil {
-				if isNavigation(requestURI, r) {
+				if strings.HasSuffix(requestURI, "/") || strings.HasSuffix(requestURI, "html") || strings.HasSuffix(requestURI, "htm") {
 					if !f.c.visitedURLs.Contains(requestURI) {
 						// If not already on stack, re-render that single page.
 						if err := f.c.partialReRender(requestURI); err != nil {
@ -391,10 +356,10 @@ func (f *fileServer) createEndpoint(i int) (*http.ServeMux, net.Listener, string

 	fileserver := decorate(http.FileServer(fs))
 	mu := http.NewServeMux()
-	if baseURL.Path() == "" || baseURL.Path() == "/" {
+	if u.Path == "" || u.Path == "/" {
 		mu.Handle("/", fileserver)
 	} else {
-		mu.Handle(baseURL.Path(), http.StripPrefix(baseURL.Path(), fileserver))
+		mu.Handle(u.Path, http.StripPrefix(u.Path, fileserver))
 	}
 	if r.IsTestRun() {
 		var shutDownOnce sync.Once
@ -407,7 +372,7 @@ func (f *fileServer) createEndpoint(i int) (*http.ServeMux, net.Listener, string

 	endpoint := net.JoinHostPort(f.c.serverInterface, strconv.Itoa(port))

-	return mu, listener, baseURL.String(), endpoint, nil
+	return mu, listener, u.String(), endpoint, nil
 }

 func (f *fileServer) rewriteRequest(r *http.Request, toPath string) *http.Request {
@ -453,15 +418,11 @@ type serverCommand struct {
 	doLiveReload bool

 	// Flags.
+	renderToDisk        bool
 	renderStaticToDisk  bool
 	navigateToChanged   bool
-	openBrowser         bool
 	serverAppend        bool
 	serverInterface     string
-	tlsCertFile         string
-	tlsKeyFile          string
-	tlsAuto             bool
-	pprof               bool
 	serverPort          int
 	liveReloadPort      int
 	serverWatch         bool
@ -471,16 +432,24 @@ type serverCommand struct {
 	disableBrowserError bool
 }

+func (c *serverCommand) Commands() []simplecobra.Commander {
+	return c.commands
+}
+
 func (c *serverCommand) Name() string {
 	return "server"
 }

 func (c *serverCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args []string) error {
-	if c.pprof {
-		go func() {
-			http.ListenAndServe("localhost:8080", nil)
+	err := func() error {
+		defer c.r.timeTrack(time.Now(), "Built")
+		err := c.build()
+		return err
 	}()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
+
 	// Watch runs its own server as part of the routine
 	if c.serverWatch {

@ -503,26 +472,19 @@ func (c *serverCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, arg

 	}

-	err := func() error {
-		defer c.r.timeTrack(time.Now(), "Built")
-		return c.build()
-	}()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	return c.serve()
 }

 func (c *serverCommand) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
 	cmd := cd.CobraCommand
-	cmd.Short = "Start the embedded web server"
+	cmd.Short = "A high performance webserver"
 	cmd.Long = `Hugo provides its own webserver which builds and serves the site.
 While hugo server is high performance, it is a webserver with limited options.
+Many run it in production, but the standard behavior is for people to use it
+in development and use a more full featured server such as Nginx or Caddy.

-The ` + "`" + `hugo server` + "`" + ` command will by default write and serve files from disk, but
-you can render to memory by using the ` + "`" + `--renderToMemory` + "`" + ` flag. This can be
-faster in some cases, but it will consume more memory.
+'hugo server' will avoid writing the rendered and served content to disk,
+preferring to store it in memory.

 By default hugo will also watch your files for any changes you make and
 automatically rebuild the site. It will then live reload any open browser pages
@ -531,29 +493,23 @@ of a second, you will be able to save and see your changes nearly instantly.`
 	cmd.Aliases = []string{"serve"}

 	cmd.Flags().IntVarP(&c.serverPort, "port", "p", 1313, "port on which the server will listen")
-	_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("port", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
 	cmd.Flags().IntVar(&c.liveReloadPort, "liveReloadPort", -1, "port for live reloading (i.e. 443 in HTTPS proxy situations)")
-	_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("liveReloadPort", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&c.serverInterface, "bind", "", "127.0.0.1", "interface to which the server will bind")
-	_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("bind", cobra.NoFileCompletions)
-	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&c.tlsCertFile, "tlsCertFile", "", "", "path to TLS certificate file")
-	_ = cmd.MarkFlagFilename("tlsCertFile", "pem")
-	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&c.tlsKeyFile, "tlsKeyFile", "", "", "path to TLS key file")
-	_ = cmd.MarkFlagFilename("tlsKeyFile", "pem")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&c.tlsAuto, "tlsAuto", false, "generate and use locally-trusted certificates.")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&c.pprof, "pprof", false, "enable the pprof server (port 8080)")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&c.serverWatch, "watch", "w", true, "watch filesystem for changes and recreate as needed")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&c.noHTTPCache, "noHTTPCache", false, "prevent HTTP caching")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&c.serverAppend, "appendPort", "", true, "append port to baseURL")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&c.disableLiveReload, "disableLiveReload", false, "watch without enabling live browser reload on rebuild")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&c.navigateToChanged, "navigateToChanged", "N", false, "navigate to changed content file on live browser reload")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&c.openBrowser, "openBrowser", "O", false, "open the site in a browser after server startup")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&c.navigateToChanged, "navigateToChanged", false, "navigate to changed content file on live browser reload")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&c.renderToDisk, "renderToDisk", false, "serve all files from disk (default is from memory)")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&c.renderStaticToDisk, "renderStaticToDisk", false, "serve static files from disk and dynamic files from memory")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&c.disableFastRender, "disableFastRender", false, "enables full re-renders on changes")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&c.disableBrowserError, "disableBrowserError", false, "do not show build errors in the browser")

+	cmd.Flags().String("memstats", "", "log memory usage to this file")
+	cmd.Flags().String("meminterval", "100ms", "interval to poll memory usage (requires --memstats), valid time units are \"ns\", \"us\" (or \"µs\"), \"ms\", \"s\", \"m\", \"h\".")
+
 	r := cd.Root.Command.(*rootCommand)
-	applyLocalFlagsBuild(cmd, r)
+	applyLocalBuildFlags(cmd, r)

 	return nil
 }
@ -569,15 +525,8 @@ func (c *serverCommand) PreRun(cd, runner *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
 				if err := c.createServerPorts(cd); err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
-
-				if (c.tlsCertFile == "" || c.tlsKeyFile == "") && c.tlsAuto {
-					c.withConfE(func(conf *commonConfig) error {
-						return c.createCertificates(conf)
-					})
 			}
-			}
-
-			if err := c.setServerInfoInConfig(); err != nil {
+			if err := c.setBaseURLsInConfig(); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}

@ -593,12 +542,13 @@ func (c *serverCommand) PreRun(cd, runner *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
 	)

 	destinationFlag := cd.CobraCommand.Flags().Lookup("destination")
-	if c.r.renderToMemory && (destinationFlag != nil && destinationFlag.Changed) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("cannot use --renderToMemory with --destination")
-	}
+	c.renderToDisk = c.renderToDisk || (destinationFlag != nil && destinationFlag.Changed)
 	c.doLiveReload = !c.disableLiveReload
 	c.fastRenderMode = !c.disableFastRender
 	c.showErrorInBrowser = c.doLiveReload && !c.disableBrowserError
+	if c.r.environment == "" {
+		c.r.environment = hugo.EnvironmentDevelopment
+	}

 	if c.fastRenderMode {
 		// For now, fast render mode only. It should, however, be fast enough
@ -622,15 +572,15 @@ func (c *serverCommand) PreRun(cd, runner *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (c *serverCommand) setServerInfoInConfig() error {
+func (c *serverCommand) setBaseURLsInConfig() error {
 	if len(c.serverPorts) == 0 {
 		panic("no server ports set")
 	}
 	return c.withConfE(func(conf *commonConfig) error {
-		for i, language := range conf.configs.LanguagesDefaultFirst {
-			isMultihost := conf.configs.IsMultihost
+		for i, language := range conf.configs.Languages {
+			isMultiHost := conf.configs.IsMultihost
 			var serverPort int
-			if isMultihost {
+			if isMultiHost {
 				serverPort = c.serverPorts[i].p
 			} else {
 				serverPort = c.serverPorts[0].p
@ -649,108 +599,37 @@ func (c *serverCommand) setServerInfoInConfig() error {
 			if c.liveReloadPort != -1 {
 				baseURLLiveReload, _ = baseURLLiveReload.WithPort(c.liveReloadPort)
 			}
-			langConfig.C.SetServerInfo(baseURL, baseURLLiveReload, c.serverInterface)
-
+			langConfig.C.SetBaseURL(baseURL, baseURLLiveReload)
 		}
 		return nil
 	})
 }

 func (c *serverCommand) getErrorWithContext() any {
-	buildErr := c.errState.buildErr()
-	if buildErr == nil {
+	errCount := c.errCount()
+
+	if errCount == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}

 	m := make(map[string]any)

-	m["Error"] = cleanErrorLog(c.r.logger.Errors())
-
+	//xwm["Error"] = errors.New(cleanErrorLog(removeErrorPrefixFromLog(c.r.logger.Errors())))
+	m["Error"] = errors.New(cleanErrorLog(removeErrorPrefixFromLog(c.r.logger.Errors())))
 	m["Version"] = hugo.BuildVersionString()
-	ferrors := herrors.UnwrapFileErrorsWithErrorContext(buildErr)
+	ferrors := herrors.UnwrapFileErrorsWithErrorContext(c.errState.buildErr())
 	m["Files"] = ferrors

 	return m
 }

-func (c *serverCommand) createCertificates(conf *commonConfig) error {
-	hostname := "localhost"
-	if c.r.baseURL != "" {
-		u, err := url.Parse(c.r.baseURL)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		hostname = u.Hostname()
-	}
-
-	// For now, store these in the Hugo cache dir.
-	// Hugo should probably introduce some concept of a less temporary application directory.
-	keyDir := filepath.Join(conf.configs.LoadingInfo.BaseConfig.CacheDir, "_mkcerts")
-
-	// Create the directory if it doesn't exist.
-	if _, err := os.Stat(keyDir); os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		if err := os.MkdirAll(keyDir, 0o777); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	c.tlsCertFile = filepath.Join(keyDir, fmt.Sprintf("%s.pem", hostname))
-	c.tlsKeyFile = filepath.Join(keyDir, fmt.Sprintf("%s-key.pem", hostname))
-
-	// Check if the certificate already exists and is valid.
-	certPEM, err := os.ReadFile(c.tlsCertFile)
-	if err == nil {
-		rootPem, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(mclib.GetCAROOT(), "rootCA.pem"))
-		if err == nil {
-			if err := c.verifyCert(rootPem, certPEM, hostname); err == nil {
-				c.r.Println("Using existing", c.tlsCertFile, "and", c.tlsKeyFile)
-				return nil
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	c.r.Println("Creating TLS certificates in", keyDir)
-
-	// Yes, this is unfortunate, but it's currently the only way to use Mkcert as a library.
-	os.Args = []string{"-cert-file", c.tlsCertFile, "-key-file", c.tlsKeyFile, hostname}
-	return mclib.RunMain()
-}
-
-func (c *serverCommand) verifyCert(rootPEM, certPEM []byte, name string) error {
-	roots := x509.NewCertPool()
-	ok := roots.AppendCertsFromPEM(rootPEM)
-	if !ok {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse root certificate")
-	}
-
-	block, _ := pem.Decode(certPEM)
-	if block == nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse certificate PEM")
-	}
-	cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(block.Bytes)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse certificate: %v", err.Error())
-	}
-
-	opts := x509.VerifyOptions{
-		DNSName: name,
-		Roots:   roots,
-	}
-
-	if _, err := cert.Verify(opts); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to verify certificate: %v", err.Error())
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
 func (c *serverCommand) createServerPorts(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
 	flags := cd.CobraCommand.Flags()
 	var cerr error
 	c.withConf(func(conf *commonConfig) {
-		isMultihost := conf.configs.IsMultihost
+		isMultiHost := conf.configs.IsMultihost
 		c.serverPorts = make([]serverPortListener, 1)
-		if isMultihost {
+		if isMultiHost {
 			if !c.serverAppend {
 				cerr = errors.New("--appendPort=false not supported when in multihost mode")
 				return
@ -758,7 +637,7 @@ func (c *serverCommand) createServerPorts(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
 			c.serverPorts = make([]serverPortListener, len(conf.configs.Languages))
 		}
 		currentServerPort := c.serverPort
-		for i := range c.serverPorts {
+		for i := 0; i < len(c.serverPorts); i++ {
 			l, err := net.Listen("tcp", net.JoinHostPort(c.serverInterface, strconv.Itoa(currentServerPort)))
 			if err == nil {
 				c.serverPorts[i] = serverPortListener{ln: l, p: currentServerPort}
@ -786,40 +665,36 @@ func (c *serverCommand) createServerPorts(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {

 // fixURL massages the baseURL into a form needed for serving
 // all pages correctly.
-func (c *serverCommand) fixURL(baseURLFromConfig, baseURLFromFlag string, port int) (string, error) {
-	certsSet := (c.tlsCertFile != "" && c.tlsKeyFile != "") || c.tlsAuto
+func (c *serverCommand) fixURL(baseURL, s string, port int) (string, error) {
 	useLocalhost := false
-	baseURL := baseURLFromFlag
-	if baseURL == "" {
-		baseURL = baseURLFromConfig
+	if s == "" {
+		s = baseURL
 		useLocalhost = true
 	}

-	if !strings.HasSuffix(baseURL, "/") {
-		baseURL = baseURL + "/"
+	if !strings.HasSuffix(s, "/") {
+		s = s + "/"
 	}

 	// do an initial parse of the input string
-	u, err := url.Parse(baseURL)
+	u, err := url.Parse(s)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}

 	// if no Host is defined, then assume that no schema or double-slash were
 	// present in the url.  Add a double-slash and make a best effort attempt.
-	if u.Host == "" && baseURL != "/" {
-		baseURL = "//" + baseURL
+	if u.Host == "" && s != "/" {
+		s = "//" + s

-		u, err = url.Parse(baseURL)
+		u, err = url.Parse(s)
 		if err != nil {
 			return "", err
 		}
 	}

 	if useLocalhost {
-		if certsSet {
-			u.Scheme = "https"
-		} else if u.Scheme == "https" {
+		if u.Scheme == "https" {
 			u.Scheme = "http"
 		}
 		u.Host = "localhost"
@ -838,57 +713,52 @@ func (c *serverCommand) fixURL(baseURLFromConfig, baseURLFromFlag string, port i
 	return u.String(), nil
 }

-func (c *serverCommand) partialReRender(urls ...string) (err error) {
+func (c *serverCommand) partialReRender(urls ...string) error {
 	defer func() {
 		c.errState.setWasErr(false)
 	}()
-	visited := types.NewEvictingQueue[string](len(urls))
+	c.errState.setBuildErr(nil)
+	visited := make(map[string]bool)
 	for _, url := range urls {
-		visited.Add(url)
+		visited[url] = true
 	}

-	var h *hugolib.HugoSites
-	h, err = c.hugo()
+	h, err := c.hugo()
 	if err != nil {
-		return
+		return err
 	}
-
 	// Note: We do not set NoBuildLock as the file lock is not acquired at this stage.
-	err = h.Build(hugolib.BuildCfg{NoBuildLock: false, RecentlyTouched: visited, PartialReRender: true, ErrRecovery: c.errState.wasErr()})
-
-	return
+	return h.Build(hugolib.BuildCfg{NoBuildLock: false, RecentlyVisited: visited, PartialReRender: true, ErrRecovery: c.errState.wasErr()})
 }

 func (c *serverCommand) serve() error {
 	var (
-		baseURLs []urls.BaseURL
+		baseURLs []string
 		roots    []string
 		h        *hugolib.HugoSites
 	)
 	err := c.withConfE(func(conf *commonConfig) error {
-		isMultihost := conf.configs.IsMultihost
+		isMultiHost := conf.configs.IsMultihost
 		var err error
 		h, err = c.r.HugFromConfig(conf)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

-		// We need the server to share the same logger as the Hugo build (for error counts etc.)
-		c.r.logger = h.Log
-
-		if isMultihost {
+		if isMultiHost {
 			for _, l := range conf.configs.ConfigLangs() {
-				baseURLs = append(baseURLs, l.BaseURL())
+				baseURLs = append(baseURLs, l.BaseURL().String())
 				roots = append(roots, l.Language().Lang)
 			}
 		} else {
 			l := conf.configs.GetFirstLanguageConfig()
-			baseURLs = []urls.BaseURL{l.BaseURL()}
+			baseURLs = []string{l.BaseURL().String()}
 			roots = []string{""}
 		}

 		return nil
 	})
+
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@ -897,16 +767,16 @@ func (c *serverCommand) serve() error {
 	// To allow the en user to change the error template while the server is running, we use
 	// the freshest template we can provide.
 	var (
-		errTempl     *tplimpl.TemplInfo
-		templHandler *tplimpl.TemplateStore
+		errTempl     tpl.Template
+		templHandler tpl.TemplateHandler
 	)
-	getErrorTemplateAndHandler := func(h *hugolib.HugoSites) (*tplimpl.TemplInfo, *tplimpl.TemplateStore) {
+	getErrorTemplateAndHandler := func(h *hugolib.HugoSites) (tpl.Template, tpl.TemplateHandler) {
 		if h == nil {
 			return errTempl, templHandler
 		}
-		templHandler := h.GetTemplateStore()
-		errTempl := templHandler.LookupByPath("/_server/error.html")
-		if errTempl == nil {
+		templHandler := h.Tmpl()
+		errTempl, found := templHandler.Lookup("_server/error.html")
+		if !found {
 			panic("template server/error.html not found")
 		}
 		return errTempl, templHandler
@ -941,36 +811,24 @@ func (c *serverCommand) serve() error {

 	for i := range baseURLs {
 		mu, listener, serverURL, endpoint, err := srv.createEndpoint(i)
-		var srv *http.Server
-		if c.tlsCertFile != "" && c.tlsKeyFile != "" {
-			srv = &http.Server{
-				Addr:    endpoint,
-				Handler: mu,
-				TLSConfig: &tls.Config{
-					MinVersion: tls.VersionTLS12,
-				},
-			}
-		} else {
-			srv = &http.Server{
+		srv := &http.Server{
 			Addr:    endpoint,
 			Handler: mu,
 		}
-		}
-
 		servers = append(servers, srv)

 		if doLiveReload {
-			baseURL := baseURLs[i]
-			mu.HandleFunc(baseURL.Path()+"livereload.js", livereload.ServeJS)
-			mu.HandleFunc(baseURL.Path()+"livereload", livereload.Handler)
+			u, err := url.Parse(helpers.SanitizeURL(baseURLs[i]))
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
 			}
-		c.r.Printf("Web Server is available at %s (bind address %s) %s\n", serverURL, c.serverInterface, roots[i])
+
+			mu.HandleFunc(u.Path+"/livereload.js", livereload.ServeJS)
+			mu.HandleFunc(u.Path+"/livereload", livereload.Handler)
+		}
+		c.r.Printf("Web Server is available at %s (bind address %s)\n", serverURL, c.serverInterface)
 		wg1.Go(func() error {
-			if c.tlsCertFile != "" && c.tlsKeyFile != "" {
-				err = srv.ServeTLS(listener, c.tlsCertFile, c.tlsKeyFile)
-			} else {
 			err = srv.Serve(listener)
-			}
 			if err != nil && err != http.ErrServerClosed {
 				return err
 			}
@ -981,12 +839,8 @@ func (c *serverCommand) serve() error {
 	if c.r.IsTestRun() {
 		// Write a .ready file to disk to signal ready status.
 		// This is where the test is run from.
-		var baseURLs []string
-		for _, baseURL := range srv.baseURLs {
-			baseURLs = append(baseURLs, baseURL.String())
-		}
 		testInfo := map[string]any{
-			"baseURLs": baseURLs,
+			"baseURLs": srv.baseURLs,
 		}

 		dir := os.Getenv("WORK")
@ -997,7 +851,7 @@ func (c *serverCommand) serve() error {
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-			err = os.WriteFile(readyFile, b, 0o777)
+			err = ioutil.WriteFile(readyFile, b, 0777)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@ -1007,13 +861,6 @@ func (c *serverCommand) serve() error {

 	c.r.Println("Press Ctrl+C to stop")

-	if c.openBrowser {
-		// There may be more than one baseURL in multihost mode, open the first.
-		if err := browser.OpenURL(baseURLs[0].String()); err != nil {
-			c.r.logger.Warnf("Failed to open browser: %s", err)
-		}
-	}
-
 	err = func() error {
 		for {
 			select {
@ -1026,10 +873,15 @@ func (c *serverCommand) serve() error {
 			}
 		}
 	}()
+
 	if err != nil {
 		c.r.Println("Error:", err)
 	}

+	if h := c.hugoTry(); h != nil {
+		h.Close()
+	}
+
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
 	wg2, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
@ -1082,7 +934,8 @@ func (s *staticSyncer) syncsStaticEvents(staticEvents []fsnotify.Event) error {
 			}
 		})

-		logger := s.c.r.logger
+		// prevent spamming the log on changes
+		logger := helpers.NewDistinctErrorLogger()

 		for _, ev := range staticEvents {
 			// Due to our approach of layering both directories and the content's rendered output
@ -1103,7 +956,7 @@ func (s *staticSyncer) syncsStaticEvents(staticEvents []fsnotify.Event) error {

 			fromPath := ev.Name

-			relPath, found := sourceFs.MakePathRelative(fromPath, true)
+			relPath, found := sourceFs.MakePathRelative(fromPath)

 			if !found {
 				// Not member of this virtual host.
@ -1183,7 +1036,7 @@ func cleanErrorLog(content string) string {
 	return strings.Join(keep, ": ")
 }

-func injectLiveReloadScript(src io.Reader, baseURL *url.URL) string {
+func injectLiveReloadScript(src io.Reader, baseURL url.URL) string {
 	var b bytes.Buffer
 	chain := transform.Chain{livereloadinject.New(baseURL)}
 	chain.Apply(&b, src)
@ -1202,16 +1055,16 @@ func partitionDynamicEvents(sourceFs *filesystems.SourceFilesystems, events []fs
 	return
 }

-func pickOneWriteOrCreatePath(contentTypes config.ContentTypesProvider, events []fsnotify.Event) string {
+func pickOneWriteOrCreatePath(events []fsnotify.Event) string {
 	name := ""

 	for _, ev := range events {
 		if ev.Op&fsnotify.Write == fsnotify.Write || ev.Op&fsnotify.Create == fsnotify.Create {
-			if contentTypes.IsIndexContentFile(ev.Name) {
+			if files.IsIndexContentFile(ev.Name) {
 				return ev.Name
 			}

-			if contentTypes.IsContentFile(ev.Name) {
+			if files.IsContentFile(ev.Name) {
 				name = ev.Name
 			}

@ -1221,6 +1074,10 @@ func pickOneWriteOrCreatePath(contentTypes config.ContentTypesProvider, events [
 	return name
 }

+func removeErrorPrefixFromLog(content string) string {
+	return logErrorRe.ReplaceAllLiteralString(content, "")
+}
+
 func formatByteCount(b uint64) string {
 	const unit = 1000
 	if b < unit {
@ -1234,24 +1091,3 @@ func formatByteCount(b uint64) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%.1f %cB",
 		float64(b)/float64(div), "kMGTPE"[exp])
 }
-
-func canRedirect(requestURIWithoutQuery string, r *http.Request) bool {
-	if r.Header.Get(hugoHeaderRedirect) != "" {
-		return false
-	}
-	return isNavigation(requestURIWithoutQuery, r)
-}
-
-// Sec-Fetch-Mode should be sent by all recent browser versions, see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Sec-Fetch-Mode#navigate
-// Fall back to the file extension if not set.
-// The main take here is that we don't want to have CSS/JS files etc. partake in this logic.
-func isNavigation(requestURIWithoutQuery string, r *http.Request) bool {
-	return r.Header.Get("Sec-Fetch-Mode") == "navigate" || isPropablyHTMLRequest(requestURIWithoutQuery)
-}
-
-func isPropablyHTMLRequest(requestURIWithoutQuery string) bool {
-	if strings.HasSuffix(requestURIWithoutQuery, "/") || strings.HasSuffix(requestURIWithoutQuery, "html") || strings.HasSuffix(requestURIWithoutQuery, "htm") {
-		return true
-	}
-	return !strings.Contains(requestURIWithoutQuery, ".")
-}
--- a/commands/xcommand_template.go
+++ b/commands/xcommand_template.go
@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package commands
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/bep/simplecobra"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+func newSimpleTemplateCommand() simplecobra.Commander {
+	return &simpleCommand{
+		name: "template",
+		run: func(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, r *rootCommand, args []string) error {
+
+			return nil
+		},
+		withc: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
+
+		},
+	}
+
+}
+
+func newTemplateCommand() *templateCommand {
+	return &templateCommand{
+		commands: []simplecobra.Commander{},
+	}
+
+}
+
+type templateCommand struct {
+	r *rootCommand
+
+	commands []simplecobra.Commander
+}
+
+func (c *templateCommand) Commands() []simplecobra.Commander {
+	return c.commands
+}
+
+func (c *templateCommand) Name() string {
+	return "template"
+}
+
+func (c *templateCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, cd *simplecobra.Commandeer, args []string) error {
+	conf, err := c.r.ConfigFromProvider(c.r.configVersionID.Load(), flagsToCfg(cd, nil))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	fmt.Println("templateCommand.Run", conf)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *templateCommand) Init(cd *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
+	cmd := cd.CobraCommand
+	cmd.Short = "Print the site configuration"
+	cmd.Long = `Print the site configuration, both default and custom settings.`
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *templateCommand) PreRun(cd, runner *simplecobra.Commandeer) error {
+	c.r = cd.Root.Command.(*rootCommand)
+	return nil
+}
--- a/common/collections/append.go
+++ b/common/collections/append.go
@ -22,64 +22,29 @@ import (
 // If length of from is one and the only element is a slice of same type as to,
 // it will be appended.
 func Append(to any, from ...any) (any, error) {
-	if len(from) == 0 {
-		return to, nil
-	}
 	tov, toIsNil := indirect(reflect.ValueOf(to))

 	toIsNil = toIsNil || to == nil
 	var tot reflect.Type

 	if !toIsNil {
-		if tov.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
-			// Create a copy of tov, so we don't modify the original.
-			c := reflect.MakeSlice(tov.Type(), tov.Len(), tov.Len()+len(from))
-			reflect.Copy(c, tov)
-			tov = c
-		}
-
 		if tov.Kind() != reflect.Slice {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("expected a slice, got %T", to)
 		}

 		tot = tov.Type().Elem()
-		if tot.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
-			totvt := tot.Elem()
-			fromvs := make([]reflect.Value, len(from))
-			for i, f := range from {
-				fromv := reflect.ValueOf(f)
-				fromt := fromv.Type()
-				if fromt.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
-					fromt = fromt.Elem()
-				}
-				if totvt != fromt {
-					return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot append slice of %s to slice of %s", fromt, totvt)
-				} else {
-					fromvs[i] = fromv
-				}
-			}
-			return reflect.Append(tov, fromvs...).Interface(), nil
-
-		}
-
 		toIsNil = tov.Len() == 0

 		if len(from) == 1 {
 			fromv := reflect.ValueOf(from[0])
-			if !fromv.IsValid() {
-				// from[0] is nil
-				return appendToInterfaceSliceFromValues(tov, fromv)
-			}
-			fromt := fromv.Type()
-			if fromt.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
-				fromt = fromt.Elem()
-			}
 			if fromv.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
 				if toIsNil {
 					// If we get nil []string, we just return the []string
 					return from[0], nil
 				}

+				fromt := reflect.TypeOf(from[0]).Elem()
+
 				// If we get []string []string, we append the from slice to to
 				if tot == fromt {
 					return reflect.AppendSlice(tov, fromv).Interface(), nil
@ -87,7 +52,6 @@ func Append(to any, from ...any) (any, error) {
 					// Fall back to a []interface{} slice.
 					return appendToInterfaceSliceFromValues(tov, fromv)
 				}
-
 			}
 		}
 	}
@ -98,7 +62,7 @@ func Append(to any, from ...any) (any, error) {

 	for _, f := range from {
 		fv := reflect.ValueOf(f)
-		if !fv.IsValid() || !fv.Type().AssignableTo(tot) {
+		if !fv.Type().AssignableTo(tot) {
 			// Fall back to a []interface{} slice.
 			tov, _ := indirect(reflect.ValueOf(to))
 			return appendToInterfaceSlice(tov, from...)
@ -113,11 +77,7 @@ func appendToInterfaceSliceFromValues(slice1, slice2 reflect.Value) ([]any, erro
 	var tos []any

 	for _, slice := range []reflect.Value{slice1, slice2} {
-		if !slice.IsValid() {
-			tos = append(tos, nil)
-			continue
-		}
-		for i := range slice.Len() {
+		for i := 0; i < slice.Len(); i++ {
 			tos = append(tos, slice.Index(i).Interface())
 		}
 	}
@ -128,7 +88,7 @@ func appendToInterfaceSliceFromValues(slice1, slice2 reflect.Value) ([]any, erro
 func appendToInterfaceSlice(tov reflect.Value, from ...any) ([]any, error) {
 	var tos []any

-	for i := range tov.Len() {
+	for i := 0; i < tov.Len(); i++ {
 		tos = append(tos, tov.Index(i).Interface())
 	}

--- a/common/collections/append_test.go
+++ b/common/collections/append_test.go
@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ package collections

 import (
 	"html/template"
-	"reflect"
 	"testing"

 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ func TestAppend(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	c := qt.New(t)

-	for i, test := range []struct {
+	for _, test := range []struct {
 		start    any
 		addend   []any
 		expected any
@ -75,10 +74,6 @@ func TestAppend(t *testing.T) {
 			[]any{"c"},
 			false,
 		},
-		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []any{nil}, []any{"a", "b", nil}},
-		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []any{nil, "d", nil}, []any{"a", "b", nil, "d", nil}},
-		{[]any{"a", nil, "c"}, []any{"d", nil, "f"}, []any{"a", nil, "c", "d", nil, "f"}},
-		{[]string{"a", "b"}, []any{}, []string{"a", "b"}},
 	} {

 		result, err := Append(test.start, test.addend...)
@ -89,125 +84,7 @@ func TestAppend(t *testing.T) {
 			continue
 		}

-		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-		c.Assert(result, qt.DeepEquals, test.expected, qt.Commentf("test: [%d] %v", i, test))
-	}
-}
-
-// #11093
-func TestAppendToMultiDimensionalSlice(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	for _, test := range []struct {
-		to       any
-		from     []any
-		expected any
-	}{
-		{
-			[][]string{{"a", "b"}},
-			[]any{[]string{"c", "d"}},
-			[][]string{
-				{"a", "b"},
-				{"c", "d"},
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			[][]string{{"a", "b"}},
-			[]any{[]string{"c", "d"}, []string{"e", "f"}},
-			[][]string{
-				{"a", "b"},
-				{"c", "d"},
-				{"e", "f"},
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			[][]string{{"a", "b"}},
-			[]any{[]int{1, 2}},
-			false,
-		},
-	} {
-		result, err := Append(test.to, test.from...)
-		if b, ok := test.expected.(bool); ok && !b {
-			c.Assert(err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
-		} else {
 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 		c.Assert(result, qt.DeepEquals, test.expected)
 	}
 }
-}
-
-func TestAppendShouldMakeACopyOfTheInputSlice(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	slice := make([]string, 0, 100)
-	slice = append(slice, "a", "b")
-	result, err := Append(slice, "c")
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	slice[0] = "d"
-	c.Assert(result, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"a", "b", "c"})
-	c.Assert(slice, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"d", "b"})
-}
-
-func TestIndirect(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	type testStruct struct {
-		Field string
-	}
-
-	var (
-		nilPtr      *testStruct
-		nilIface    interface{} = nil
-		nonNilIface interface{} = &testStruct{Field: "hello"}
-	)
-
-	tests := []struct {
-		name     string
-		input    any
-		wantKind reflect.Kind
-		wantNil  bool
-	}{
-		{
-			name:     "nil pointer",
-			input:    nilPtr,
-			wantKind: reflect.Ptr,
-			wantNil:  true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "nil interface",
-			input:    nilIface,
-			wantKind: reflect.Invalid,
-			wantNil:  false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "non-nil pointer to struct",
-			input:    &testStruct{Field: "abc"},
-			wantKind: reflect.Struct,
-			wantNil:  false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "non-nil interface holding pointer",
-			input:    nonNilIface,
-			wantKind: reflect.Struct,
-			wantNil:  false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:     "plain value",
-			input:    testStruct{Field: "xyz"},
-			wantKind: reflect.Struct,
-			wantNil:  false,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			v := reflect.ValueOf(tt.input)
-			got, isNil := indirect(v)
-
-			c.Assert(got.Kind(), qt.Equals, tt.wantKind)
-			c.Assert(isNil, qt.Equals, tt.wantNil)
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/common/collections/slice.go
+++ b/common/collections/slice.go
@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ func StringSliceToInterfaceSlice(ss []string) []any {
 		result[i] = s
 	}
 	return result
+
 }

 type SortedStringSlice []string
--- a/common/collections/slice_test.go
+++ b/common/collections/slice_test.go
@ -135,38 +135,5 @@ func TestSortedStringSlice(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(s.Count("b"), qt.Equals, 3)
 	c.Assert(s.Count("z"), qt.Equals, 0)
 	c.Assert(s.Count("a"), qt.Equals, 1)
-}

-func TestStringSliceToInterfaceSlice(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	tests := []struct {
-		name string
-		in   []string
-		want []any
-	}{
-		{
-			name: "empty slice",
-			in:   []string{},
-			want: []any{},
-		},
-		{
-			name: "single element",
-			in:   []string{"hello"},
-			want: []any{"hello"},
-		},
-		{
-			name: "multiple elements",
-			in:   []string{"a", "b", "c"},
-			want: []any{"a", "b", "c"},
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			got := StringSliceToInterfaceSlice(tt.in)
-			c.Assert(got, qt.DeepEquals, tt.want)
-		})
-	}
 }
--- a/common/collections/stack.go
+++ b/common/collections/stack.go
@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package collections
-
-import "slices"
-
-import "sync"
-
-// Stack is a simple LIFO stack that is safe for concurrent use.
-type Stack[T any] struct {
-	items []T
-	zero  T
-	mu    sync.RWMutex
-}
-
-func NewStack[T any]() *Stack[T] {
-	return &Stack[T]{}
-}
-
-func (s *Stack[T]) Push(item T) {
-	s.mu.Lock()
-	defer s.mu.Unlock()
-	s.items = append(s.items, item)
-}
-
-func (s *Stack[T]) Pop() (T, bool) {
-	s.mu.Lock()
-	defer s.mu.Unlock()
-	if len(s.items) == 0 {
-		return s.zero, false
-	}
-	item := s.items[len(s.items)-1]
-	s.items = s.items[:len(s.items)-1]
-	return item, true
-}
-
-func (s *Stack[T]) Peek() (T, bool) {
-	s.mu.RLock()
-	defer s.mu.RUnlock()
-	if len(s.items) == 0 {
-		return s.zero, false
-	}
-	return s.items[len(s.items)-1], true
-}
-
-func (s *Stack[T]) Len() int {
-	s.mu.RLock()
-	defer s.mu.RUnlock()
-	return len(s.items)
-}
-
-func (s *Stack[T]) Drain() []T {
-	s.mu.Lock()
-	defer s.mu.Unlock()
-	items := s.items
-	s.items = nil
-	return items
-}
-
-func (s *Stack[T]) DrainMatching(predicate func(T) bool) []T {
-	s.mu.Lock()
-	defer s.mu.Unlock()
-	var items []T
-	for i := len(s.items) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
-		if predicate(s.items[i]) {
-			items = append(items, s.items[i])
-			s.items = slices.Delete(s.items, i, i+1)
-		}
-	}
-	return items
-}
--- a/common/collections/stack_test.go
+++ b/common/collections/stack_test.go
@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-package collections
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-)
-
-func TestNewStack(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	s := NewStack[int]()
-
-	c.Assert(s, qt.IsNotNil)
-}
-
-func TestStackBasic(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	s := NewStack[int]()
-
-	c.Assert(s.Len(), qt.Equals, 0)
-
-	s.Push(1)
-	s.Push(2)
-	s.Push(3)
-
-	c.Assert(s.Len(), qt.Equals, 3)
-
-	top, ok := s.Peek()
-	c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, true)
-	c.Assert(top, qt.Equals, 3)
-
-	popped, ok := s.Pop()
-	c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, true)
-	c.Assert(popped, qt.Equals, 3)
-
-	c.Assert(s.Len(), qt.Equals, 2)
-
-	_, _ = s.Pop()
-	_, _ = s.Pop()
-	_, ok = s.Pop()
-
-	c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, false)
-}
-
-func TestStackDrain(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	s := NewStack[string]()
-	s.Push("a")
-	s.Push("b")
-
-	got := s.Drain()
-
-	c.Assert(got, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"a", "b"})
-	c.Assert(s.Len(), qt.Equals, 0)
-}
-
-func TestStackDrainMatching(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	s := NewStack[int]()
-	s.Push(1)
-	s.Push(2)
-	s.Push(3)
-	s.Push(4)
-
-	got := s.DrainMatching(func(v int) bool { return v%2 == 0 })
-
-	c.Assert(got, qt.DeepEquals, []int{4, 2})
-	c.Assert(s.Drain(), qt.DeepEquals, []int{1, 3})
-}
--- a/common/constants/constants.go
+++ b/common/constants/constants.go
@ -13,37 +13,13 @@

 package constants

-// Error/Warning IDs.
+// Error IDs.
 // Do not change these values.
 const (
+	ErrIDAmbigousDisableKindTaxonomy = "error-disable-taxonomy"
+	ErrIDAmbigousOutputKindTaxonomy  = "error-output-taxonomy"
+
 	// IDs for remote errors in tpl/data.
 	ErrRemoteGetJSON = "error-remote-getjson"
 	ErrRemoteGetCSV  = "error-remote-getcsv"
-
-	WarnFrontMatterParamsOverrides = "warning-frontmatter-params-overrides"
-	WarnRenderShortcodesInHTML     = "warning-rendershortcodes-in-html"
-	WarnGoldmarkRawHTML            = "warning-goldmark-raw-html"
-	WarnPartialSuperfluousPrefix   = "warning-partial-superfluous-prefix"
-	WarnHomePageIsLeafBundle       = "warning-home-page-is-leaf-bundle"
 )
-
-// Field/method names with special meaning.
-const (
-	FieldRelPermalink = "RelPermalink"
-	FieldPermalink    = "Permalink"
-)
-
-// IsFieldRelOrPermalink returns whether the given name is a RelPermalink or Permalink.
-func IsFieldRelOrPermalink(name string) bool {
-	return name == FieldRelPermalink || name == FieldPermalink
-}
-
-// Resource transformations.
-const (
-	ResourceTransformationFingerprint = "fingerprint"
-)
-
-// IsResourceTransformationPermalinkHash returns whether the given name is a resource transformation that changes the permalink based on the content.
-func IsResourceTransformationPermalinkHash(name string) bool {
-	return name == ResourceTransformationFingerprint
-}
--- a/common/hashing/hashing.go
+++ b/common/hashing/hashing.go
@ -1,194 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-// Package hashing provides common hashing utilities.
-package hashing
-
-import (
-	"crypto/md5"
-	"encoding/hex"
-	"io"
-	"strconv"
-	"sync"
-
-	"github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hashstructure"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
-)
-
-// XXHashFromReader calculates the xxHash for the given reader.
-func XXHashFromReader(r io.Reader) (uint64, int64, error) {
-	h := getXxHashReadFrom()
-	defer putXxHashReadFrom(h)
-
-	size, err := io.Copy(h, r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, 0, err
-	}
-	return h.Sum64(), size, nil
-}
-
-// XxHashFromReaderHexEncoded calculates the xxHash for the given reader
-// and returns the hash as a hex encoded string.
-func XxHashFromReaderHexEncoded(r io.Reader) (string, error) {
-	h := getXxHashReadFrom()
-	defer putXxHashReadFrom(h)
-	_, err := io.Copy(h, r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	hash := h.Sum(nil)
-	return hex.EncodeToString(hash), nil
-}
-
-// XXHashFromString calculates the xxHash for the given string.
-func XXHashFromString(s string) (uint64, error) {
-	h := xxhash.New()
-	h.WriteString(s)
-	return h.Sum64(), nil
-}
-
-// XxHashFromStringHexEncoded calculates the xxHash for the given string
-// and returns the hash as a hex encoded string.
-func XxHashFromStringHexEncoded(f string) string {
-	h := xxhash.New()
-	h.WriteString(f)
-	hash := h.Sum(nil)
-	return hex.EncodeToString(hash)
-}
-
-// MD5FromStringHexEncoded returns the MD5 hash of the given string.
-func MD5FromStringHexEncoded(f string) string {
-	h := md5.New()
-	h.Write([]byte(f))
-	return hex.EncodeToString(h.Sum(nil))
-}
-
-// HashString returns a hash from the given elements.
-// It will panic if the hash cannot be calculated.
-// Note that this hash should be used primarily for identity, not for change detection as
-// it in the more complex values (e.g. Page) will not hash the full content.
-func HashString(vs ...any) string {
-	hash := HashUint64(vs...)
-	return strconv.FormatUint(hash, 10)
-}
-
-// HashStringHex returns a hash from the given elements as a hex encoded string.
-// See HashString for more information.
-func HashStringHex(vs ...any) string {
-	hash := HashUint64(vs...)
-	return strconv.FormatUint(hash, 16)
-}
-
-var hashOptsPool = sync.Pool{
-	New: func() any {
-		return &hashstructure.HashOptions{
-			Hasher: xxhash.New(),
-		}
-	},
-}
-
-func getHashOpts() *hashstructure.HashOptions {
-	return hashOptsPool.Get().(*hashstructure.HashOptions)
-}
-
-func putHashOpts(opts *hashstructure.HashOptions) {
-	opts.Hasher.Reset()
-	hashOptsPool.Put(opts)
-}
-
-// HashUint64 returns a hash from the given elements.
-// It will panic if the hash cannot be calculated.
-// Note that this hash should be used primarily for identity, not for change detection as
-// it in the more complex values (e.g. Page) will not hash the full content.
-func HashUint64(vs ...any) uint64 {
-	var o any
-	if len(vs) == 1 {
-		o = toHashable(vs[0])
-	} else {
-		elements := make([]any, len(vs))
-		for i, e := range vs {
-			elements[i] = toHashable(e)
-		}
-		o = elements
-	}
-
-	hash, err := Hash(o)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	return hash
-}
-
-// Hash returns a hash from vs.
-func Hash(vs ...any) (uint64, error) {
-	hashOpts := getHashOpts()
-	defer putHashOpts(hashOpts)
-	var v any = vs
-	if len(vs) == 1 {
-		v = vs[0]
-	}
-	return hashstructure.Hash(v, hashOpts)
-}
-
-type keyer interface {
-	Key() string
-}
-
-// For structs, hashstructure.Hash only works on the exported fields,
-// so rewrite the input slice for known identity types.
-func toHashable(v any) any {
-	switch t := v.(type) {
-	case keyer:
-		return t.Key()
-	case identity.IdentityProvider:
-		return t.GetIdentity()
-	default:
-		return v
-	}
-}
-
-type xxhashReadFrom struct {
-	buff []byte
-	*xxhash.Digest
-}
-
-func (x *xxhashReadFrom) ReadFrom(r io.Reader) (int64, error) {
-	for {
-		n, err := r.Read(x.buff)
-		if n > 0 {
-			x.Digest.Write(x.buff[:n])
-		}
-		if err != nil {
-			if err == io.EOF {
-				err = nil
-			}
-			return int64(n), err
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-var xXhashReadFromPool = sync.Pool{
-	New: func() any {
-		return &xxhashReadFrom{Digest: xxhash.New(), buff: make([]byte, 48*1024)}
-	},
-}
-
-func getXxHashReadFrom() *xxhashReadFrom {
-	return xXhashReadFromPool.Get().(*xxhashReadFrom)
-}
-
-func putXxHashReadFrom(h *xxhashReadFrom) {
-	h.Reset()
-	xXhashReadFromPool.Put(h)
-}
--- a/common/hashing/hashing_test.go
+++ b/common/hashing/hashing_test.go
@ -1,157 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package hashing
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"math"
-	"strings"
-	"sync"
-	"testing"
-
-	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-)
-
-func TestXxHashFromReader(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	s := "Hello World"
-	r := strings.NewReader(s)
-	got, size, err := XXHashFromReader(r)
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(size, qt.Equals, int64(len(s)))
-	c.Assert(got, qt.Equals, uint64(7148569436472236994))
-}
-
-func TestXxHashFromReaderPara(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-	for i := range 10 {
-		i := i
-		wg.Add(1)
-		go func() {
-			defer wg.Done()
-			for j := range 100 {
-				s := strings.Repeat("Hello ", i+j+1*42)
-				r := strings.NewReader(s)
-				got, size, err := XXHashFromReader(r)
-				c.Assert(size, qt.Equals, int64(len(s)))
-				c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-				expect, _ := XXHashFromString(s)
-				c.Assert(got, qt.Equals, expect)
-			}
-		}()
-	}
-
-	wg.Wait()
-}
-
-func TestXxHashFromString(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	s := "Hello World"
-	got, err := XXHashFromString(s)
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(got, qt.Equals, uint64(7148569436472236994))
-}
-
-func TestXxHashFromStringHexEncoded(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	s := "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
-	got := XxHashFromStringHexEncoded(s)
-	// Facit: https://asecuritysite.com/encryption/xxhash?val=The%20quick%20brown%20fox%20jumps%20over%20the%20lazy%20dog
-	c.Assert(got, qt.Equals, "0b242d361fda71bc")
-}
-
-func BenchmarkXXHashFromReader(b *testing.B) {
-	r := strings.NewReader("Hello World")
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		XXHashFromReader(r)
-		r.Seek(0, 0)
-	}
-}
-
-func BenchmarkXXHashFromString(b *testing.B) {
-	s := "Hello World"
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		XXHashFromString(s)
-	}
-}
-
-func BenchmarkXXHashFromStringHexEncoded(b *testing.B) {
-	s := "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		XxHashFromStringHexEncoded(s)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestHashString(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	c.Assert(HashString("a", "b"), qt.Equals, "3176555414984061461")
-	c.Assert(HashString("ab"), qt.Equals, "7347350983217793633")
-
-	var vals []any = []any{"a", "b", tstKeyer{"c"}}
-
-	c.Assert(HashString(vals...), qt.Equals, "4438730547989914315")
-	c.Assert(vals[2], qt.Equals, tstKeyer{"c"})
-}
-
-type tstKeyer struct {
-	key string
-}
-
-func (t tstKeyer) Key() string {
-	return t.key
-}
-
-func (t tstKeyer) String() string {
-	return "key: " + t.key
-}
-
-func BenchmarkHashString(b *testing.B) {
-	word := " hello "
-
-	var tests []string
-
-	for i := 1; i <= 5; i++ {
-		sentence := strings.Repeat(word, int(math.Pow(4, float64(i))))
-		tests = append(tests, sentence)
-	}
-
-	b.ResetTimer()
-
-	for _, test := range tests {
-		b.Run(fmt.Sprintf("n%d", len(test)), func(b *testing.B) {
-			for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-				HashString(test)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func BenchmarkHashMap(b *testing.B) {
-	m := map[string]any{}
-	for i := range 1000 {
-		m[fmt.Sprintf("key%d", i)] = i
-	}
-
-	b.ResetTimer()
-
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		HashString(m)
-	}
-}
--- a/common/hcontext/context.go
+++ b/common/hcontext/context.go
@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package hcontext
-
-import "context"
-
-// ContextDispatcher is a generic interface for setting and getting values from a context.
-type ContextDispatcher[T any] interface {
-	Set(ctx context.Context, value T) context.Context
-	Get(ctx context.Context) T
-}
-
-// NewContextDispatcher creates a new ContextDispatcher with the given key.
-func NewContextDispatcher[T any, R comparable](key R) ContextDispatcher[T] {
-	return keyInContext[T, R]{
-		id: key,
-	}
-}
-
-type keyInContext[T any, R comparable] struct {
-	zero T
-	id   R
-}
-
-func (f keyInContext[T, R]) Get(ctx context.Context) T {
-	v := ctx.Value(f.id)
-	if v == nil {
-		return f.zero
-	}
-	return v.(T)
-}
-
-func (f keyInContext[T, R]) Set(ctx context.Context, value T) context.Context {
-	return context.WithValue(ctx, f.id, value)
-}
--- a/common/herrors/error_locator.go
+++ b/common/herrors/error_locator.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ type LineMatcher struct {
 }

 // LineMatcherFn is used to match a line with an error.
-// It returns the column number or 0 if the line was found, but column could not be determined. Returns -1 if no line match.
+// It returns the column number or 0 if the line was found, but column could not be determinde. Returns -1 if no line match.
 type LineMatcherFn func(m LineMatcher) int

 // SimpleLineMatcher simply matches by line number.
@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ func ContainsMatcher(text string) func(m LineMatcher) int {
 // ErrorContext contains contextual information about an error. This will
 // typically be the lines surrounding some problem in a file.
 type ErrorContext struct {
+
 	// If a match will contain the matched line and up to 2 lines before and after.
 	// Will be empty if no match.
 	Lines []string
@ -152,7 +153,10 @@ func locateError(r io.Reader, le FileError, matches LineMatcherFn) *ErrorContext
 	}

 	if ectx.Position.LineNumber > 0 {
-		low := max(ectx.Position.LineNumber-3, 0)
+		low := ectx.Position.LineNumber - 3
+		if low < 0 {
+			low = 0
+		}

 		if ectx.Position.LineNumber > 2 {
 			ectx.LinesPos = 2
@ -160,7 +164,10 @@ func locateError(r io.Reader, le FileError, matches LineMatcherFn) *ErrorContext
 			ectx.LinesPos = ectx.Position.LineNumber - 1
 		}

-		high := min(ectx.Position.LineNumber+2, len(lines))
+		high := ectx.Position.LineNumber + 2
+		if high > len(lines) {
+			high = len(lines)
+		}

 		ectx.Lines = lines[low:high]

--- a/common/herrors/error_locator_test.go
+++ b/common/herrors/error_locator_test.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
--- a/common/herrors/errors.go
+++ b/common/herrors/errors.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -15,15 +15,14 @@
 package herrors

 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
-	"regexp"
 	"runtime"
 	"runtime/debug"
-	"strings"
-	"time"
+	"strconv"
 )

 // PrintStackTrace prints the current stacktrace to w.
@ -50,66 +49,21 @@ func Recover(args ...any) {
 	}
 }

-// IsTimeoutError returns true if the given error is or contains a TimeoutError.
-func IsTimeoutError(err error) bool {
-	return errors.Is(err, &TimeoutError{})
-}
-
-type TimeoutError struct {
-	Duration time.Duration
-}
-
-func (e *TimeoutError) Error() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("timeout after %s", e.Duration)
-}
-
-func (e *TimeoutError) Is(target error) bool {
-	_, ok := target.(*TimeoutError)
-	return ok
-}
-
-// errMessage wraps an error with a message.
-type errMessage struct {
-	msg string
-	err error
-}
-
-func (e *errMessage) Error() string {
-	return e.msg
-}
-
-func (e *errMessage) Unwrap() error {
-	return e.err
-}
-
-// IsFeatureNotAvailableError returns true if the given error is or contains a FeatureNotAvailableError.
-func IsFeatureNotAvailableError(err error) bool {
-	return errors.Is(err, &FeatureNotAvailableError{})
+// GetGID the current goroutine id. Used only for debugging.
+func GetGID() uint64 {
+	b := make([]byte, 64)
+	b = b[:runtime.Stack(b, false)]
+	b = bytes.TrimPrefix(b, []byte("goroutine "))
+	b = b[:bytes.IndexByte(b, ' ')]
+	n, _ := strconv.ParseUint(string(b), 10, 64)
+	return n
 }

 // ErrFeatureNotAvailable denotes that a feature is unavailable.
 //
 // We will, at least to begin with, make some Hugo features (SCSS with libsass) optional,
 // and this error is used to signal those situations.
-var ErrFeatureNotAvailable = &FeatureNotAvailableError{Cause: errors.New("this feature is not available in your current Hugo version, see https://goo.gl/YMrWcn for more information")}
-
-// FeatureNotAvailableError is an error type used to signal that a feature is not available.
-type FeatureNotAvailableError struct {
-	Cause error
-}
-
-func (e *FeatureNotAvailableError) Unwrap() error {
-	return e.Cause
-}
-
-func (e *FeatureNotAvailableError) Error() string {
-	return e.Cause.Error()
-}
-
-func (e *FeatureNotAvailableError) Is(target error) bool {
-	_, ok := target.(*FeatureNotAvailableError)
-	return ok
-}
+var ErrFeatureNotAvailable = errors.New("this feature is not available in your current Hugo version, see https://goo.gl/YMrWcn for more information")

 // Must panics if err != nil.
 func Must(err error) {
@ -132,56 +86,3 @@ func IsNotExist(err error) bool {

 	return false
 }
-
-// IsExist returns true if the error is a file exists error.
-// Unlike os.IsExist, this also considers wrapped errors.
-func IsExist(err error) bool {
-	if os.IsExist(err) {
-		return true
-	}
-
-	// os.IsExist does not consider wrapped errors.
-	if os.IsExist(errors.Unwrap(err)) {
-		return true
-	}
-
-	return false
-}
-
-var nilPointerErrRe = regexp.MustCompile(`at <(.*)>: error calling (.*?): runtime error: invalid memory address or nil pointer dereference`)
-
-const deferredPrefix = "__hdeferred/"
-
-var deferredStringToRemove = regexp.MustCompile(`executing "__hdeferred/.*?" `)
-
-// ImproveRenderErr improves the error message for rendering errors.
-func ImproveRenderErr(inErr error) (outErr error) {
-	outErr = inErr
-	msg := improveIfNilPointerMsg(inErr)
-	if msg != "" {
-		outErr = &errMessage{msg: msg, err: outErr}
-	}
-
-	if strings.Contains(inErr.Error(), deferredPrefix) {
-		msg := deferredStringToRemove.ReplaceAllString(inErr.Error(), "executing ")
-		outErr = &errMessage{msg: msg, err: outErr}
-	}
-	return
-}
-
-func improveIfNilPointerMsg(inErr error) string {
-	m := nilPointerErrRe.FindStringSubmatch(inErr.Error())
-	if len(m) == 0 {
-		return ""
-	}
-	call := m[1]
-	field := m[2]
-	parts := strings.Split(call, ".")
-	if len(parts) < 2 {
-		return ""
-	}
-	receiverName := parts[len(parts)-2]
-	receiver := strings.Join(parts[:len(parts)-1], ".")
-	s := fmt.Sprintf("– %s is nil; wrap it in if or with: {{ with %s }}{{ .%s }}{{ end }}", receiverName, receiver, field)
-	return nilPointerErrRe.ReplaceAllString(inErr.Error(), s)
-}
--- a/common/herrors/errors_test.go
+++ b/common/herrors/errors_test.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 package herrors

 import (
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"testing"

@ -35,11 +34,3 @@ func TestIsNotExist(t *testing.T) {
 	// os.IsNotExist returns false for wrapped errors.
 	c.Assert(IsNotExist(fmt.Errorf("foo: %w", afero.ErrFileNotFound)), qt.Equals, true)
 }
-
-func TestIsFeatureNotAvailableError(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	c.Assert(IsFeatureNotAvailableError(ErrFeatureNotAvailable), qt.Equals, true)
-	c.Assert(IsFeatureNotAvailableError(&FeatureNotAvailableError{}), qt.Equals, true)
-	c.Assert(IsFeatureNotAvailableError(errors.New("asdf")), qt.Equals, false)
-}
--- a/common/herrors/file_error.go
+++ b/common/herrors/file_error.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -15,18 +15,19 @@ package herrors

 import (
 	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"path/filepath"

-	"github.com/bep/godartsass/v2"
+	"github.com/bep/godartsass"
 	"github.com/bep/golibsass/libsass/libsasserrors"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/text"
 	"github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2"
 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 	"github.com/tdewolff/parse/v2"
+
+	"errors"
 )

 // FileError represents an error when handling a file: Parsing a config file,
@ -44,9 +45,6 @@ type FileError interface {

 	// UpdateContent updates the error with a new ErrorContext from the content of the file.
 	UpdateContent(r io.Reader, linematcher LineMatcherFn) FileError
-
-	// SetFilename sets the filename of the error.
-	SetFilename(filename string) FileError
 }

 // Unwrapper can unwrap errors created with fmt.Errorf.
@ -59,11 +57,6 @@ var (
 	_ Unwrapper = (*fileError)(nil)
 )

-func (fe *fileError) SetFilename(filename string) FileError {
-	fe.position.Filename = filename
-	return fe
-}
-
 func (fe *fileError) UpdatePosition(pos text.Position) FileError {
 	oldFilename := fe.Position().Filename
 	if pos.Filename != "" && fe.fileType == "" {
@ -119,6 +112,7 @@ func (fe *fileError) UpdateContent(r io.Reader, linematcher LineMatcherFn) FileE
 	}

 	return fe
+
 }

 type fileError struct {
@ -182,6 +176,7 @@ func NewFileErrorFromName(err error, name string) FileError {
 	}

 	return &fileError{cause: err, fileType: fileType, position: pos}
+
 }

 // NewFileErrorFromPos will use the filename and line number from pos to create a new FileError, wrapping err.
@ -192,6 +187,7 @@ func NewFileErrorFromPos(err error, pos text.Position) FileError {
 		_, fileType = paths.FileAndExtNoDelimiter(filepath.Clean(pos.Filename))
 	}
 	return &fileError{cause: err, fileType: fileType, position: pos}
+
 }

 func NewFileErrorFromFileInErr(err error, fs afero.Fs, linematcher LineMatcherFn) FileError {
@ -248,6 +244,7 @@ func openFile(filename string, fs afero.Fs) (afero.File, string, error) {
 		}); ok {
 			realFilename = s.Filename()
 		}
+
 	}

 	f, err2 := fs.Open(filename)
@ -258,27 +255,8 @@ func openFile(filename string, fs afero.Fs) (afero.File, string, error) {
 	return f, realFilename, nil
 }

-// Cause returns the underlying error, that is,
-// it unwraps errors until it finds one that does not implement
-// the Unwrap method.
-// For a shallow variant, see Unwrap.
+// Cause returns the underlying error or itself if it does not implement Unwrap.
 func Cause(err error) error {
-	type unwrapper interface {
-		Unwrap() error
-	}
-
-	for err != nil {
-		cause, ok := err.(unwrapper)
-		if !ok {
-			break
-		}
-		err = cause.Unwrap()
-	}
-	return err
-}
-
-// Unwrap returns the underlying error or itself if it does not implement Unwrap.
-func Unwrap(err error) error {
 	if u := errors.Unwrap(err); u != nil {
 		return u
 	}
@ -286,7 +264,7 @@ func Unwrap(err error) error {
 }

 func extractFileTypePos(err error) (string, text.Position) {
-	err = Unwrap(err)
+	err = Cause(err)

 	var fileType string

@ -314,7 +292,7 @@ func extractFileTypePos(err error) (string, text.Position) {
 	}

 	// The error type from the minifier contains line number and column number.
-	if line, col := extractLineNumberAndColumnNumber(err); line >= 0 {
+	if line, col := exctractLineNumberAndColumnNumber(err); line >= 0 {
 		pos.LineNumber = line
 		pos.ColumnNumber = col
 		return fileType, pos
@ -386,7 +364,7 @@ func extractOffsetAndType(e error) (int, string) {
 	}
 }

-func extractLineNumberAndColumnNumber(e error) (int, int) {
+func exctractLineNumberAndColumnNumber(e error) (int, int) {
 	switch v := e.(type) {
 	case *parse.Error:
 		return v.Line, v.Column
@ -403,7 +381,7 @@ func extractPosition(e error) (pos text.Position) {
 	case godartsass.SassError:
 		span := v.Span
 		start := span.Start
-		filename, _ := paths.UrlStringToFilename(span.Url)
+		filename, _ := paths.UrlToFilename(span.Url)
 		pos.Filename = filename
 		pos.Offset = start.Offset
 		pos.ColumnNumber = start.Column
--- a/common/herrors/file_error_test.go
+++ b/common/herrors/file_error_test.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -14,11 +14,12 @@
 package herrors

 import (
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

+	"errors"
+
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/text"

 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
@ -47,6 +48,7 @@ func TestNewFileError(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(errorContext.Lines, qt.DeepEquals, []string{"line 30", "line 31", "line 32", "line 33", "line 34"})
 	c.Assert(errorContext.LinesPos, qt.Equals, 2)
 	c.Assert(errorContext.ChromaLexer, qt.Equals, "go-html-template")
+
 }

 func TestNewFileErrorExtractFromMessage(t *testing.T) {
--- a/common/hexec/exec.go
+++ b/common/hexec/exec.go
@ -19,16 +19,13 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"os"
-	"os/exec"
-	"path/filepath"
 	"regexp"
 	"strings"
-	"sync"

-	"github.com/bep/logg"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+
+	"github.com/cli/safeexec"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config/security"
 )
@ -88,7 +85,7 @@ var WithEnviron = func(env []string) func(c *commandeer) {
 }

 // New creates a new Exec using the provided security config.
-func New(cfg security.Config, workingDir string, log loggers.Logger) *Exec {
+func New(cfg security.Config) *Exec {
 	var baseEnviron []string
 	for _, v := range os.Environ() {
 		k, _ := config.SplitEnvVar(v)
@ -99,10 +96,7 @@ func New(cfg security.Config, workingDir string, log loggers.Logger) *Exec {

 	return &Exec{
 		sc:          cfg,
-		workingDir:        workingDir,
-		infol:             log.InfoCommand("exec"),
 		baseEnviron: baseEnviron,
-		newNPXRunnerCache: maps.NewCache[string, func(arg ...any) (Runner, error)](),
 	}
 }

@ -112,27 +106,29 @@ func IsNotFound(err error) bool {
 	return errors.As(err, &notFoundErr)
 }

-// Exec enforces a security policy for commands run via os/exec.
+// SafeCommand is a wrapper around os/exec Command which uses a LookPath
+// implementation that does not search in current directory before looking in PATH.
+// See https://github.com/cli/safeexec and the linked issues.
+func SafeCommand(name string, arg ...string) (*exec.Cmd, error) {
+	bin, err := safeexec.LookPath(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return exec.Command(bin, arg...), nil
+}
+
+// Exec encorces a security policy for commands run via os/exec.
 type Exec struct {
 	sc security.Config
-	workingDir string
-	infol      logg.LevelLogger

 	// os.Environ filtered by the Exec.OsEnviron whitelist filter.
 	baseEnviron []string
-
-	newNPXRunnerCache *maps.Cache[string, func(arg ...any) (Runner, error)]
-	npxInit           sync.Once
-	npxAvailable      bool
-}
-
-func (e *Exec) New(name string, arg ...any) (Runner, error) {
-	return e.new(name, "", arg...)
 }

 // New will fail if name is not allowed according to the configured security policy.
 // Else a configured Runner will be returned ready to be Run.
-func (e *Exec) new(name string, fullyQualifiedName string, arg ...any) (Runner, error) {
+func (e *Exec) New(name string, arg ...any) (Runner, error) {
 	if err := e.sc.CheckAllowedExec(name); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@ -142,111 +138,17 @@ func (e *Exec) new(name string, fullyQualifiedName string, arg ...any) (Runner,

 	cm := &commandeer{
 		name: name,
-		fullyQualifiedName: fullyQualifiedName,
 		env:  env,
 	}

 	return cm.command(arg...)
+
 }

-type binaryLocation int
-
-func (b binaryLocation) String() string {
-	switch b {
-	case binaryLocationNodeModules:
-		return "node_modules/.bin"
-	case binaryLocationNpx:
-		return "npx"
-	case binaryLocationPath:
-		return "PATH"
-	}
-	return "unknown"
-}
-
-const (
-	binaryLocationNodeModules binaryLocation = iota + 1
-	binaryLocationNpx
-	binaryLocationPath
-)
-
-// Npx will in order:
-// 1. Try fo find the binary in the WORKINGDIR/node_modules/.bin directory.
-// 2. If not found, and npx is available, run npx --no-install <name> <args>.
-// 3. Fall back to the PATH.
-// If name is "tailwindcss", we will try the PATH as the second option.
+// Npx is a convenience method to create a Runner running npx --no-install <name> <args.
 func (e *Exec) Npx(name string, arg ...any) (Runner, error) {
-	if err := e.sc.CheckAllowedExec(name); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	newRunner, err := e.newNPXRunnerCache.GetOrCreate(name, func() (func(...any) (Runner, error), error) {
-		type tryFunc func() func(...any) (Runner, error)
-		tryFuncs := map[binaryLocation]tryFunc{
-			binaryLocationNodeModules: func() func(...any) (Runner, error) {
-				nodeBinFilename := filepath.Join(e.workingDir, nodeModulesBinPath, name)
-				_, err := exec.LookPath(nodeBinFilename)
-				if err != nil {
-					return nil
-				}
-				return func(arg2 ...any) (Runner, error) {
-					return e.new(name, nodeBinFilename, arg2...)
-				}
-			},
-			binaryLocationNpx: func() func(...any) (Runner, error) {
-				e.checkNpx()
-				if !e.npxAvailable {
-					return nil
-				}
-				return func(arg2 ...any) (Runner, error) {
-					return e.npx(name, arg2...)
-				}
-			},
-			binaryLocationPath: func() func(...any) (Runner, error) {
-				if _, err := exec.LookPath(name); err != nil {
-					return nil
-				}
-				return func(arg2 ...any) (Runner, error) {
-					return e.New(name, arg2...)
-				}
-			},
-		}
-
-		locations := []binaryLocation{binaryLocationNodeModules, binaryLocationNpx, binaryLocationPath}
-		if name == "tailwindcss" {
-			// See https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues/13221#issuecomment-2574801253
-			locations = []binaryLocation{binaryLocationNodeModules, binaryLocationPath, binaryLocationNpx}
-		}
-		for _, loc := range locations {
-			if f := tryFuncs[loc](); f != nil {
-				e.infol.Logf("resolve %q using %s", name, loc)
-				return f, nil
-			}
-		}
-		return nil, &NotFoundError{name: name, method: fmt.Sprintf("in %s", locations[len(locations)-1])}
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return newRunner(arg...)
-}
-
-const (
-	npxNoInstall       = "--no-install"
-	npxBinary          = "npx"
-	nodeModulesBinPath = "node_modules/.bin"
-)
-
-func (e *Exec) checkNpx() {
-	e.npxInit.Do(func() {
-		e.npxAvailable = InPath(npxBinary)
-	})
-}
-
-// npx is a convenience method to create a Runner running npx --no-install <name> <args.
-func (e *Exec) npx(name string, arg ...any) (Runner, error) {
-	arg = append(arg[:0], append([]any{npxNoInstall, name}, arg[0:]...)...)
-	return e.New(npxBinary, arg...)
+	arg = append(arg[:0], append([]any{"--no-install", name}, arg[0:]...)...)
+	return e.New("npx", arg...)
 }

 // Sec returns the security policies this Exec is configured with.
@ -256,11 +158,10 @@ func (e *Exec) Sec() security.Config {

 type NotFoundError struct {
 	name string
-	method string
 }

 func (e *NotFoundError) Error() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("binary with name %q not found %s", e.name, e.method)
+	return fmt.Sprintf("binary with name %q not found", e.name)
 }

 // Runner wraps a *os.Cmd.
@ -283,14 +184,8 @@ func (c *cmdWrapper) Run() error {
 	if err == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	name := c.name
-	method := "in PATH"
-	if name == npxBinary {
-		name = c.c.Args[2]
-		method = "using npx"
-	}
 	if notFoundRe.MatchString(c.outerr.String()) {
-		return &NotFoundError{name: name, method: method}
+		return &NotFoundError{name: c.name}
 	}
 	return fmt.Errorf("failed to execute binary %q with args %v: %s", c.name, c.c.Args[1:], c.outerr.String())
 }
@ -307,7 +202,6 @@ type commandeer struct {
 	ctx    context.Context

 	name string
-	fullyQualifiedName string
 	env  []string
 }

@ -328,17 +222,10 @@ func (c *commandeer) command(arg ...any) (*cmdWrapper, error) {
 		}
 	}

-	var bin string
-	if c.fullyQualifiedName != "" {
-		bin = c.fullyQualifiedName
-	} else {
-		var err error
-		bin, err = exec.LookPath(c.name)
+	bin, err := safeexec.LookPath(c.name)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, &NotFoundError{
 			name: c.name,
-				method: "in PATH",
-			}
 		}
 	}

@ -371,7 +258,7 @@ func InPath(binaryName string) bool {
 	if strings.Contains(binaryName, "/") {
 		panic("binary name should not contain any slash")
 	}
-	_, err := exec.LookPath(binaryName)
+	_, err := safeexec.LookPath(binaryName)
 	return err == nil
 }

@ -381,7 +268,7 @@ func LookPath(binaryName string) string {
 	if strings.Contains(binaryName, "/") {
 		panic("binary name should not contain any slash")
 	}
-	s, err := exec.LookPath(binaryName)
+	s, err := safeexec.LookPath(binaryName)
 	if err != nil {
 		return ""
 	}
--- a/common/hreflect/helpers.go
+++ b/common/hreflect/helpers.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2019 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 // Some functions in this file (see comments) is based on the Go source code,
 // copyright The Go Authors and  governed by a BSD-style license.
 //
@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/htime"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
 )

@ -74,16 +73,6 @@ func IsTruthful(in any) bool {
 	}
 }

-// IsMap reports whether v is a map.
-func IsMap(v any) bool {
-	return reflect.ValueOf(v).Kind() == reflect.Map
-}
-
-// IsSlice reports whether v is a slice.
-func IsSlice(v any) bool {
-	return reflect.ValueOf(v).Kind() == reflect.Slice
-}
-
 var zeroType = reflect.TypeOf((*types.Zeroer)(nil)).Elem()

 // IsTruthfulValue returns whether the given value has a meaningful truth value.
@ -134,7 +123,12 @@ type methodKey struct {
 	name string
 }

-var methodCache sync.Map
+type methods struct {
+	sync.RWMutex
+	cache map[methodKey]int
+}
+
+var methodCache = &methods{cache: make(map[methodKey]int)}

 // GetMethodByName is the same as reflect.Value.MethodByName, but it caches the
 // type lookup.
@ -152,16 +146,22 @@ func GetMethodByName(v reflect.Value, name string) reflect.Value {
 // -1 if no such method exists.
 func GetMethodIndexByName(tp reflect.Type, name string) int {
 	k := methodKey{tp, name}
-	v, found := methodCache.Load(k)
+	methodCache.RLock()
+	index, found := methodCache.cache[k]
+	methodCache.RUnlock()
 	if found {
-		return v.(int)
+		return index
 	}
+
+	methodCache.Lock()
+	defer methodCache.Unlock()
+
 	m, ok := tp.MethodByName(name)
-	index := m.Index
+	index = m.Index
 	if !ok {
 		index = -1
 	}
-	methodCache.Store(k, index)
+	methodCache.cache[k] = index

 	if !ok {
 		return -1
@ -188,20 +188,6 @@ func IsTime(tp reflect.Type) bool {
 	return false
 }

-// IsValid returns whether v is not nil and a valid value.
-func IsValid(v reflect.Value) bool {
-	if !v.IsValid() {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	switch v.Kind() {
-	case reflect.Chan, reflect.Func, reflect.Interface, reflect.Map, reflect.Ptr, reflect.Slice:
-		return !v.IsNil()
-	}
-
-	return true
-}
-
 // AsTime returns v as a time.Time if possible.
 // The given location is only used if the value implements AsTimeProvider (e.g. go-toml local).
 // A zero Time and false is returned if this isn't possible.
@ -222,27 +208,6 @@ func AsTime(v reflect.Value, loc *time.Location) (time.Time, bool) {
 	return time.Time{}, false
 }

-// ToSliceAny converts the given value to a slice of any if possible.
-func ToSliceAny(v any) ([]any, bool) {
-	if v == nil {
-		return nil, false
-	}
-	switch vv := v.(type) {
-	case []any:
-		return vv, true
-	default:
-		vvv := reflect.ValueOf(v)
-		if vvv.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
-			out := make([]any, vvv.Len())
-			for i := range vvv.Len() {
-				out[i] = vvv.Index(i).Interface()
-			}
-			return out, true
-		}
-	}
-	return nil, false
-}
-
 func CallMethodByName(cxt context.Context, name string, v reflect.Value) []reflect.Value {
 	fn := v.MethodByName(name)
 	var args []reflect.Value
@ -252,7 +217,7 @@ func CallMethodByName(cxt context.Context, name string, v reflect.Value) []refle
 			panic("not supported")
 		}
 		first := tp.In(0)
-		if IsContextType(first) {
+		if first.Implements(ContextInterface) {
 			args = append(args, reflect.ValueOf(cxt))
 		}
 	}
@ -271,25 +236,4 @@ func indirectInterface(v reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
 	return v.Elem()
 }

-var contextInterface = reflect.TypeOf((*context.Context)(nil)).Elem()
-
-var isContextCache = maps.NewCache[reflect.Type, bool]()
-
-type k string
-
-var contextTypeValue = reflect.TypeOf(context.WithValue(context.Background(), k("key"), 32))
-
-// IsContextType returns whether tp is a context.Context type.
-func IsContextType(tp reflect.Type) bool {
-	if tp == contextTypeValue {
-		return true
-	}
-	if tp == contextInterface {
-		return true
-	}
-
-	isContext, _ := isContextCache.GetOrCreate(tp, func() (bool, error) {
-		return tp.Implements(contextInterface), nil
-	})
-	return isContext
-}
+var ContextInterface = reflect.TypeOf((*context.Context)(nil)).Elem()
--- a/common/hreflect/helpers_test.go
+++ b/common/hreflect/helpers_test.go
@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 package hreflect

 import (
-	"context"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@ -41,55 +40,6 @@ func TestGetMethodByName(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(GetMethodIndexByName(tp, "Foo"), qt.Equals, -1)
 }

-func TestIsContextType(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-	type k string
-	ctx := context.Background()
-	valueCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, k("key"), 32)
-	c.Assert(IsContextType(reflect.TypeOf(ctx)), qt.IsTrue)
-	c.Assert(IsContextType(reflect.TypeOf(valueCtx)), qt.IsTrue)
-}
-
-func TestToSliceAny(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	checkOK := func(in any, expected []any) {
-		out, ok := ToSliceAny(in)
-		c.Assert(ok, qt.Equals, true)
-		c.Assert(out, qt.DeepEquals, expected)
-	}
-
-	checkOK([]any{1, 2, 3}, []any{1, 2, 3})
-	checkOK([]int{1, 2, 3}, []any{1, 2, 3})
-}
-
-func BenchmarkIsContextType(b *testing.B) {
-	type k string
-	b.Run("value", func(b *testing.B) {
-		ctx := context.Background()
-		ctxs := make([]reflect.Type, b.N)
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-			ctxs[i] = reflect.TypeOf(context.WithValue(ctx, k("key"), i))
-		}
-
-		b.ResetTimer()
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-			if !IsContextType(ctxs[i]) {
-				b.Fatal("not context")
-			}
-		}
-	})
-
-	b.Run("background", func(b *testing.B) {
-		var ctxt reflect.Type = reflect.TypeOf(context.Background())
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-			if !IsContextType(ctxt) {
-				b.Fatal("not context")
-			}
-		}
-	})
-}
-
 func BenchmarkIsTruthFul(b *testing.B) {
 	v := reflect.ValueOf("Hugo")

@ -134,17 +84,3 @@ func BenchmarkGetMethodByName(b *testing.B) {
 		}
 	}
 }
-
-func BenchmarkGetMethodByNamePara(b *testing.B) {
-	v := reflect.ValueOf(&testStruct{})
-	methods := []string{"Method1", "Method2", "Method3", "Method4", "Method5"}
-
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
-		for pb.Next() {
-			for _, method := range methods {
-				_ = GetMethodByName(v, method)
-			}
-		}
-	})
-}
--- a/common/hstrings/strings.go
+++ b/common/hstrings/strings.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -15,10 +15,7 @@ package hstrings

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"regexp"
-	"slices"
 	"strings"
-	"sync"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/compare"
 )
@ -51,84 +48,10 @@ func (s StringEqualFold) Eq(s2 any) bool {

 // EqualAny returns whether a string is equal to any of the given strings.
 func EqualAny(a string, b ...string) bool {
-	return slices.Contains(b, a)
-}
-
-// regexpCache represents a cache of regexp objects protected by a mutex.
-type regexpCache struct {
-	mu sync.RWMutex
-	re map[string]*regexp.Regexp
-}
-
-func (rc *regexpCache) getOrCompileRegexp(pattern string) (re *regexp.Regexp, err error) {
-	var ok bool
-
-	if re, ok = rc.get(pattern); !ok {
-		re, err = regexp.Compile(pattern)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		rc.set(pattern, re)
-	}
-
-	return re, nil
-}
-
-func (rc *regexpCache) get(key string) (re *regexp.Regexp, ok bool) {
-	rc.mu.RLock()
-	re, ok = rc.re[key]
-	rc.mu.RUnlock()
-	return
-}
-
-func (rc *regexpCache) set(key string, re *regexp.Regexp) {
-	rc.mu.Lock()
-	rc.re[key] = re
-	rc.mu.Unlock()
-}
-
-var reCache = regexpCache{re: make(map[string]*regexp.Regexp)}
-
-// GetOrCompileRegexp retrieves a regexp object from the cache based upon the pattern.
-// If the pattern is not found in the cache, the pattern is compiled and added to
-// the cache.
-func GetOrCompileRegexp(pattern string) (re *regexp.Regexp, err error) {
-	return reCache.getOrCompileRegexp(pattern)
-}
-
-// InSlice checks if a string is an element of a slice of strings
-// and returns a boolean value.
-func InSlice(arr []string, el string) bool {
-	return slices.Contains(arr, el)
-}
-
-// InSlicEqualFold checks if a string is an element of a slice of strings
-// and returns a boolean value.
-// It uses strings.EqualFold to compare.
-func InSlicEqualFold(arr []string, el string) bool {
-	for _, v := range arr {
-		if strings.EqualFold(v, el) {
+	for _, s := range b {
+		if a == s {
 			return true
 		}
 	}
 	return false
 }
-
-// ToString converts the given value to a string.
-// Note that this is a more strict version compared to cast.ToString,
-// as it will not try to convert numeric values to strings,
-// but only accept strings or fmt.Stringer.
-func ToString(v any) (string, bool) {
-	switch vv := v.(type) {
-	case string:
-		return vv, true
-	case fmt.Stringer:
-		return vv.String(), true
-	}
-	return "", false
-}
-
-type (
-	Strings2 [2]string
-	Strings3 [3]string
-)
--- a/common/hstrings/strings_test.go
+++ b/common/hstrings/strings_test.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2023 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 package hstrings

 import (
-	"regexp"
 	"testing"

 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
@ -33,24 +32,5 @@ func TestStringEqualFold(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(StringEqualFold(s1).EqualFold("b"), qt.Equals, false)
 	c.Assert(StringEqualFold(s1).Eq(s2), qt.Equals, true)
 	c.Assert(StringEqualFold(s1).Eq("b"), qt.Equals, false)
-}

-func TestGetOrCompileRegexp(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	re, err := GetOrCompileRegexp(`\d+`)
-	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(re.MatchString("123"), qt.Equals, true)
-}
-
-func BenchmarkGetOrCompileRegexp(b *testing.B) {
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		GetOrCompileRegexp(`\d+`)
-	}
-}
-
-func BenchmarkCompileRegexp(b *testing.B) {
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		regexp.MustCompile(`\d+`)
-	}
 }
--- a/common/htime/htime_integration_test.go
+++ b/common/htime/htime_integration_test.go
@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package htime_test
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
-)
-
-// Issue #11267
-func TestApplyWithContext(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	files := `
-- config.toml --
-defaultContentLanguage = 'it'
-- layouts/index.html --
-{{ $dates := slice
-  "2022-01-03"
-  "2022-02-01"
-  "2022-03-02"
-  "2022-04-07"
-  "2022-05-06"
-  "2022-06-04"
-  "2022-07-03"
-  "2022-08-01"
-  "2022-09-06"
-  "2022-10-05"
-  "2022-11-03"
-  "2022-12-02"
-}}
-{{ range $dates }}
-	{{ . | time.Format "month: _January_ weekday: _Monday_" }}
-	{{ . | time.Format "month: _Jan_ weekday: _Mon_" }}
-{{ end }}
-  `
-
-	b := hugolib.Test(t, files)
-
-	b.AssertFileContent("public/index.html", `
-month: _gennaio_ weekday: _lunedì_
-month: _gen_ weekday: _lun_
-month: _febbraio_ weekday: _martedì_
-month: _feb_ weekday: _mar_
-month: _marzo_ weekday: _mercoledì_
-month: _mar_ weekday: _mer_
-month: _aprile_ weekday: _giovedì_
-month: _apr_ weekday: _gio_
-month: _maggio_ weekday: _venerdì_
-month: _mag_ weekday: _ven_
-month: _giugno_ weekday: _sabato_
-month: _giu_ weekday: _sab_
-month: _luglio_ weekday: _domenica_
-month: _lug_ weekday: _dom_
-month: _agosto_ weekday: _lunedì_
-month: _ago_ weekday: _lun_
-month: _settembre_ weekday: _martedì_
-month: _set_ weekday: _mar_
-month: _ottobre_ weekday: _mercoledì_
-month: _ott_ weekday: _mer_
-month: _novembre_ weekday: _giovedì_
-month: _nov_ weekday: _gio_
-month: _dicembre_ weekday: _venerdì_
-month: _dic_ weekday: _ven_
-`)
-}
--- a/common/htime/time.go
+++ b/common/htime/time.go
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/bep/clocks"
+	"github.com/bep/clock"
 	"github.com/spf13/cast"

 	"github.com/gohugoio/locales"
@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ var (
 		"December",
 	}

-	Clock = clocks.System()
+	Clock = clock.System()
 )

 func NewTimeFormatter(ltr locales.Translator) TimeFormatter {
@ -124,15 +124,12 @@ func (f TimeFormatter) Format(t time.Time, layout string) string {
 	monthIdx := t.Month() - 1 // Month() starts at 1.
 	dayIdx := t.Weekday()

-	if strings.Contains(layout, "January") {
 	s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, longMonthNames[monthIdx], f.ltr.MonthWide(t.Month()))
-	} else if strings.Contains(layout, "Jan") {
+	if !strings.Contains(s, f.ltr.MonthWide(t.Month())) {
 		s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, shortMonthNames[monthIdx], f.ltr.MonthAbbreviated(t.Month()))
 	}
-
-	if strings.Contains(layout, "Monday") {
 	s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, longDayNames[dayIdx], f.ltr.WeekdayWide(t.Weekday()))
-	} else if strings.Contains(layout, "Mon") {
+	if !strings.Contains(s, f.ltr.WeekdayWide(t.Weekday())) {
 		s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, shortDayNames[dayIdx], f.ltr.WeekdayAbbreviated(t.Weekday()))
 	}

--- a/common/htime/time_test.go
+++ b/common/htime/time_test.go
@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ func TestTimeFormatter(t *testing.T) {
 		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":time_long"), qt.Equals, "02:09:37 UTC")
 		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":time_medium"), qt.Equals, "02:09:37")
 		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":time_short"), qt.Equals, "02:09")
+
 	})

 	c.Run("Custom layouts English", func(c *qt.C) {
@ -67,6 +68,7 @@ func TestTimeFormatter(t *testing.T) {
 		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":time_long"), qt.Equals, "2:09:37 am UTC")
 		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":time_medium"), qt.Equals, "2:09:37 am")
 		c.Assert(f.Format(june06, ":time_short"), qt.Equals, "2:09 am")
+
 	})

 	c.Run("English", func(c *qt.C) {
@ -105,7 +107,9 @@ func TestTimeFormatter(t *testing.T) {
 			c.Assert(tr.MonthWide(date.Month()), qt.Equals, monthWideNorway)
 			c.Assert(f.Format(date, "January"), qt.Equals, monthWideNorway)
 		}
+
 	})
+
 }

 func BenchmarkTimeFormatter(b *testing.B) {
--- a/common/hugio/copy.go
+++ b/common/hugio/copy.go
@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ package hugio
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	iofs "io/fs"
 	"path/filepath"

 	"github.com/spf13/afero"
@ -61,16 +60,12 @@ func CopyDir(fs afero.Fs, from, to string, shouldCopy func(filename string) bool
 		return fmt.Errorf("%q is not a directory", from)
 	}

-	err = fs.MkdirAll(to, 0o777) // before umask
+	err = fs.MkdirAll(to, 0777) // before umask
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	d, err := fs.Open(from)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	entries, _ := d.(iofs.ReadDirFile).ReadDir(-1)
+	entries, _ := afero.ReadDir(fs, from)
 	for _, entry := range entries {
 		fromFilename := filepath.Join(from, entry.Name())
 		toFilename := filepath.Join(to, entry.Name())
--- a/common/hugio/hasBytesWriter.go
+++ b/common/hugio/hasBytesWriter.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -17,35 +17,24 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 )

-// HasBytesWriter is a writer will match against a slice of patterns.
+// HasBytesWriter is a writer that will set Match to true if the given pattern
+// is found in the stream.
 type HasBytesWriter struct {
-	Patterns []*HasBytesPattern
+	Match   bool
+	Pattern []byte

 	i    int
 	done bool
 	buff []byte
 }

-type HasBytesPattern struct {
-	Match   bool
-	Pattern []byte
-}
-
-func (h *HasBytesWriter) patternLen() int {
-	l := 0
-	for _, p := range h.Patterns {
-		l += len(p.Pattern)
-	}
-	return l
-}
-
 func (h *HasBytesWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
 	if h.done {
 		return len(p), nil
 	}

 	if len(h.buff) == 0 {
-		h.buff = make([]byte, h.patternLen()*2)
+		h.buff = make([]byte, len(h.Pattern)*2)
 	}

 	for i := range p {
@ -57,24 +46,12 @@ func (h *HasBytesWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
 			h.i = len(h.buff) / 2
 		}

-		for _, pp := range h.Patterns {
-			if bytes.Contains(h.buff, pp.Pattern) {
-				pp.Match = true
-				done := true
-				for _, ppp := range h.Patterns {
-					if !ppp.Match {
-						done = false
-						break
-					}
-				}
-				if done {
+		if bytes.Contains(h.buff, h.Pattern) {
+			h.Match = true
 			h.done = true
-				}
 			return len(p), nil
 		}
 	}

-	}
-
 	return len(p), nil
 }
--- a/common/hugio/hasBytesWriter_test.go
+++ b/common/hugio/hasBytesWriter_test.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2022 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@ -34,11 +34,8 @@ func TestHasBytesWriter(t *testing.T) {
 		var b bytes.Buffer

 		h := &HasBytesWriter{
-			Patterns: []*HasBytesPattern{
-				{Pattern: []byte("__foo")},
-			},
+			Pattern: []byte("__foo"),
 		}
-
 		return h, io.MultiWriter(&b, h)
 	}

@ -46,22 +43,22 @@ func TestHasBytesWriter(t *testing.T) {
 		return strings.Repeat("ab cfo", r.Intn(33))
 	}

-	for range 22 {
+	for i := 0; i < 22; i++ {
 		h, w := neww()
-		fmt.Fprint(w, rndStr()+"abc __foobar"+rndStr())
-		c.Assert(h.Patterns[0].Match, qt.Equals, true)
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, rndStr()+"abc __foobar"+rndStr())
+		c.Assert(h.Match, qt.Equals, true)

 		h, w = neww()
-		fmt.Fprint(w, rndStr()+"abc __f")
-		fmt.Fprint(w, "oo bar"+rndStr())
-		c.Assert(h.Patterns[0].Match, qt.Equals, true)
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, rndStr()+"abc __f")
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "oo bar"+rndStr())
+		c.Assert(h.Match, qt.Equals, true)

 		h, w = neww()
-		fmt.Fprint(w, rndStr()+"abc __moo bar")
-		c.Assert(h.Patterns[0].Match, qt.Equals, false)
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, rndStr()+"abc __moo bar")
+		c.Assert(h.Match, qt.Equals, false)
 	}

 	h, w := neww()
 	fmt.Fprintf(w, "__foo")
-	c.Assert(h.Patterns[0].Match, qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(h.Match, qt.Equals, true)
 }
--- a/common/hugio/readers.go
+++ b/common/hugio/readers.go
@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 package hugio

 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"io"
 	"strings"
 )
@ -37,70 +36,24 @@ type ReadSeekCloserProvider interface {
 	ReadSeekCloser() (ReadSeekCloser, error)
 }

-// readSeekerNopCloser implements ReadSeekCloser by doing nothing in Close.
-type readSeekerNopCloser struct {
+// ReadSeekerNoOpCloser implements ReadSeekCloser by doing nothing in Close.
+// TODO(bep) rename this and similar to ReadSeekerNopCloser, naming used in stdlib, which kind of makes sense.
+type ReadSeekerNoOpCloser struct {
 	ReadSeeker
 }

 // Close does nothing.
-func (r readSeekerNopCloser) Close() error {
+func (r ReadSeekerNoOpCloser) Close() error {
 	return nil
 }

 // NewReadSeekerNoOpCloser creates a new ReadSeekerNoOpCloser with the given ReadSeeker.
-func NewReadSeekerNoOpCloser(r ReadSeeker) ReadSeekCloser {
-	return readSeekerNopCloser{r}
+func NewReadSeekerNoOpCloser(r ReadSeeker) ReadSeekerNoOpCloser {
+	return ReadSeekerNoOpCloser{r}
 }

 // NewReadSeekerNoOpCloserFromString uses strings.NewReader to create a new ReadSeekerNoOpCloser
 // from the given string.
-func NewReadSeekerNoOpCloserFromString(content string) ReadSeekCloser {
-	return stringReadSeeker{s: content, readSeekerNopCloser: readSeekerNopCloser{strings.NewReader(content)}}
-}
-
-var _ StringReader = (*stringReadSeeker)(nil)
-
-type stringReadSeeker struct {
-	s string
-	readSeekerNopCloser
-}
-
-func (s *stringReadSeeker) ReadString() string {
-	return s.s
-}
-
-// StringReader provides a way to read a string.
-type StringReader interface {
-	ReadString() string
-}
-
-// NewReadSeekerNoOpCloserFromBytes uses bytes.NewReader to create a new ReadSeekerNoOpCloser
-// from the given bytes slice.
-func NewReadSeekerNoOpCloserFromBytes(content []byte) readSeekerNopCloser {
-	return readSeekerNopCloser{bytes.NewReader(content)}
-}
-
-// NewOpenReadSeekCloser creates a new ReadSeekCloser from the given ReadSeeker.
-// The ReadSeeker will be seeked to the beginning before returned.
-func NewOpenReadSeekCloser(r ReadSeekCloser) OpenReadSeekCloser {
-	return func() (ReadSeekCloser, error) {
-		r.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
-		return r, nil
-	}
-}
-
-// OpenReadSeekCloser allows setting some other way (than reading from a filesystem)
-// to open or create a ReadSeekCloser.
-type OpenReadSeekCloser func() (ReadSeekCloser, error)
-
-// ReadString reads from the given reader and returns the content as a string.
-func ReadString(r io.Reader) (string, error) {
-	if sr, ok := r.(StringReader); ok {
-		return sr.ReadString(), nil
-	}
-	b, err := io.ReadAll(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	return string(b), nil
+func NewReadSeekerNoOpCloserFromString(content string) ReadSeekerNoOpCloser {
+	return ReadSeekerNoOpCloser{strings.NewReader(content)}
 }
--- a/common/hugio/writers.go
+++ b/common/hugio/writers.go
@ -81,33 +81,3 @@ func ToReadCloser(r io.Reader) io.ReadCloser {
 		io.NopCloser(nil),
 	}
 }
-
-type ReadWriteCloser interface {
-	io.Reader
-	io.Writer
-	io.Closer
-}
-
-// PipeReadWriteCloser is a convenience type to create a pipe with a ReadCloser and a WriteCloser.
-type PipeReadWriteCloser struct {
-	*io.PipeReader
-	*io.PipeWriter
-}
-
-// NewPipeReadWriteCloser creates a new PipeReadWriteCloser.
-func NewPipeReadWriteCloser() PipeReadWriteCloser {
-	pr, pw := io.Pipe()
-	return PipeReadWriteCloser{pr, pw}
-}
-
-func (c PipeReadWriteCloser) Close() (err error) {
-	if err = c.PipeReader.Close(); err != nil {
-		return
-	}
-	err = c.PipeWriter.Close()
-	return
-}
-
-func (c PipeReadWriteCloser) WriteString(s string) (int, error) {
-	return c.PipeWriter.Write([]byte(s))
-}
--- a/common/hugo/hugo.go
+++ b/common/hugo/hugo.go
@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 package hugo

 import (
-	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"html/template"
 	"os"
@ -25,19 +24,12 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/bep/logg"
-
-	"github.com/bep/godartsass/v2"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hcontext"
+	"github.com/bep/godartsass"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hexec"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs/files"

 	"github.com/spf13/afero"

-	iofs "io/fs"
-
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
 )
@ -54,8 +46,6 @@ var (
 	vendorInfo string
 )

-var _ maps.StoreProvider = (*HugoInfo)(nil)
-
 // HugoInfo contains information about the current Hugo environment
 type HugoInfo struct {
 	CommitHash string
@ -72,11 +62,6 @@ type HugoInfo struct {

 	conf ConfigProvider
 	deps []*Dependency
-
-	store *maps.Scratch
-
-	// Context gives access to some of the context scoped variables.
-	Context Context
 }

 // Version returns the current version as a comparable version string.
@ -89,22 +74,10 @@ func (i HugoInfo) Generator() template.HTML {
 	return template.HTML(fmt.Sprintf(`<meta name="generator" content="Hugo %s">`, CurrentVersion.String()))
 }

-// IsDevelopment reports whether the current running environment is "development".
-func (i HugoInfo) IsDevelopment() bool {
-	return i.Environment == EnvironmentDevelopment
-}
-
-// IsProduction reports whether the current running environment is "production".
 func (i HugoInfo) IsProduction() bool {
 	return i.Environment == EnvironmentProduction
 }

-// IsServer reports whether the built-in server is running.
-func (i HugoInfo) IsServer() bool {
-	return i.conf.Running()
-}
-
-// IsExtended reports whether the Hugo binary is the extended version.
 func (i HugoInfo) IsExtended() bool {
 	return IsExtended
 }
@ -119,57 +92,10 @@ func (i HugoInfo) Deps() []*Dependency {
 	return i.deps
 }

-func (i HugoInfo) Store() *maps.Scratch {
-	return i.store
-}
-
-// Deprecated: Use hugo.IsMultihost instead.
-func (i HugoInfo) IsMultiHost() bool {
-	Deprecate("hugo.IsMultiHost", "Use hugo.IsMultihost instead.", "v0.124.0")
-	return i.conf.IsMultihost()
-}
-
-// IsMultihost reports whether each configured language has a unique baseURL.
-func (i HugoInfo) IsMultihost() bool {
-	return i.conf.IsMultihost()
-}
-
-// IsMultilingual reports whether there are two or more configured languages.
-func (i HugoInfo) IsMultilingual() bool {
-	return i.conf.IsMultilingual()
-}
-
-type contextKey uint8
-
-const (
-	contextKeyMarkupScope contextKey = iota
-)
-
-var markupScope = hcontext.NewContextDispatcher[string](contextKeyMarkupScope)
-
-type Context struct{}
-
-func (c Context) MarkupScope(ctx context.Context) string {
-	return GetMarkupScope(ctx)
-}
-
-// SetMarkupScope sets the markup scope in the context.
-func SetMarkupScope(ctx context.Context, s string) context.Context {
-	return markupScope.Set(ctx, s)
-}
-
-// GetMarkupScope gets the markup scope from the context.
-func GetMarkupScope(ctx context.Context) string {
-	return markupScope.Get(ctx)
-}
-
 // ConfigProvider represents the config options that are relevant for HugoInfo.
 type ConfigProvider interface {
 	Environment() string
-	Running() bool
 	WorkingDir() string
-	IsMultihost() bool
-	IsMultilingual() bool
 }

 // NewInfo creates a new Hugo Info object.
@ -196,7 +122,6 @@ func NewInfo(conf ConfigProvider, deps []*Dependency) HugoInfo {
 		Environment: conf.Environment(),
 		conf:        conf,
 		deps:        deps,
-		store:       maps.NewScratch(),
 		GoVersion:   goVersion,
 	}
 }
@ -216,12 +141,7 @@ func GetExecEnviron(workDir string, cfg config.AllProvider, fs afero.Fs) []strin
 	config.SetEnvVars(&env, "HUGO_PUBLISHDIR", filepath.Join(workDir, cfg.BaseConfig().PublishDir))

 	if fs != nil {
-		var fis []iofs.DirEntry
-		d, err := fs.Open(files.FolderJSConfig)
-		if err == nil {
-			fis, err = d.(iofs.ReadDirFile).ReadDir(-1)
-		}
-
+		fis, err := afero.ReadDir(fs, files.FolderJSConfig)
 		if err == nil {
 			for _, fi := range fis {
 				key := fmt.Sprintf("HUGO_FILE_%s", strings.ReplaceAll(strings.ToUpper(fi.Name()), ".", "_"))
@ -246,10 +166,8 @@ type buildInfo struct {
 	*debug.BuildInfo
 }

-var (
-	bInfo     *buildInfo
-	bInfoInit sync.Once
-)
+var bInfo *buildInfo
+var bInfoInit sync.Once

 func getBuildInfo() *buildInfo {
 	bInfoInit.Do(func() {
@ -276,6 +194,7 @@ func getBuildInfo() *buildInfo {
 				bInfo.GoArch = s.Value
 			}
 		}
+
 	})

 	return bInfo
@ -313,16 +232,13 @@ func GetDependencyListNonGo() []string {
 	if IsExtended {
 		deps = append(
 			deps,
-			formatDep("github.com/sass/libsass", "3.6.6"),
-			formatDep("github.com/webmproject/libwebp", "v1.3.2"),
+			formatDep("github.com/sass/libsass", "3.6.5"),
+			formatDep("github.com/webmproject/libwebp", "v1.2.4"),
 		)
 	}

 	if dartSass := dartSassVersion(); dartSass.ProtocolVersion != "" {
-		dartSassPath := "github.com/sass/dart-sass-embedded"
-		if IsDartSassGeV2() {
-			dartSassPath = "github.com/sass/dart-sass"
-		}
+		const dartSassPath = "github.com/sass/dart-sass-embedded"
 		deps = append(deps,
 			formatDep(dartSassPath+"/protocol", dartSass.ProtocolVersion),
 			formatDep(dartSassPath+"/compiler", dartSass.CompilerVersion),
@ -367,101 +283,11 @@ type Dependency struct {
 }

 func dartSassVersion() godartsass.DartSassVersion {
-	if DartSassBinaryName == "" || !IsDartSassGeV2() {
+	// This is also duplicated in the dartsass package.
+	const dartSassEmbeddedBinaryName = "dart-sass-embedded"
+	if !hexec.InPath(dartSassEmbeddedBinaryName) {
 		return godartsass.DartSassVersion{}
 	}
-	v, _ := godartsass.Version(DartSassBinaryName)
+	v, _ := godartsass.Version(dartSassEmbeddedBinaryName)
 	return v
 }
-
-// DartSassBinaryName is the name of the Dart Sass binary to use.
-// TODO(bep) find a better place for this.
-var DartSassBinaryName string
-
-func init() {
-	DartSassBinaryName = os.Getenv("DART_SASS_BINARY")
-	if DartSassBinaryName == "" {
-		for _, name := range dartSassBinaryNamesV2 {
-			if hexec.InPath(name) {
-				DartSassBinaryName = name
-				break
-			}
-		}
-		if DartSassBinaryName == "" {
-			if hexec.InPath(dartSassBinaryNameV1) {
-				DartSassBinaryName = dartSassBinaryNameV1
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-var (
-	dartSassBinaryNameV1  = "dart-sass-embedded"
-	dartSassBinaryNamesV2 = []string{"dart-sass", "sass"}
-)
-
-// TODO(bep) we eventually want to remove this, but keep it for a while to throw an informative error.
-// We stopped supporting the old binary in Hugo 0.139.0.
-func IsDartSassGeV2() bool {
-	// dart-sass-embedded was the first version of the embedded Dart Sass before it was moved into the main project.
-	return !strings.Contains(DartSassBinaryName, "embedded")
-}
-
-// Deprecate informs about a deprecation starting at the given version.
-//
-// A deprecation typically needs a simple change in the template, but doing so will make the template incompatible with older versions.
-// Theme maintainers generally want
-// 1. No warnings or errors in the console when building a Hugo site.
-// 2. Their theme to work for at least the last few Hugo versions.
-func Deprecate(item, alternative string, version string) {
-	level := deprecationLogLevelFromVersion(version)
-	deprecateLevel(item, alternative, version, level)
-}
-
-// See Deprecate for details.
-func DeprecateWithLogger(item, alternative string, version string, log logg.Logger) {
-	level := deprecationLogLevelFromVersion(version)
-	deprecateLevelWithLogger(item, alternative, version, level, log)
-}
-
-// DeprecateLevelMin informs about a deprecation starting at the given version, but with a minimum log level.
-func DeprecateLevelMin(item, alternative string, version string, minLevel logg.Level) {
-	level := max(deprecationLogLevelFromVersion(version), minLevel)
-	deprecateLevel(item, alternative, version, level)
-}
-
-// deprecateLevel informs about a deprecation logging at the given level.
-func deprecateLevel(item, alternative, version string, level logg.Level) {
-	deprecateLevelWithLogger(item, alternative, version, level, loggers.Log().Logger())
-}
-
-// DeprecateLevel informs about a deprecation logging at the given level.
-func deprecateLevelWithLogger(item, alternative, version string, level logg.Level, log logg.Logger) {
-	var msg string
-	if level == logg.LevelError {
-		msg = fmt.Sprintf("%s was deprecated in Hugo %s and subsequently removed. %s", item, version, alternative)
-	} else {
-		msg = fmt.Sprintf("%s was deprecated in Hugo %s and will be removed in a future release. %s", item, version, alternative)
-	}
-
-	log.WithLevel(level).WithField(loggers.FieldNameCmd, "deprecated").Logf("%s", msg)
-}
-
-// We usually do about one minor version a month.
-// We want people to run at least the current and previous version without any warnings.
-// We want people who don't update Hugo that often to see the warnings and errors before we remove the feature.
-func deprecationLogLevelFromVersion(ver string) logg.Level {
-	from := MustParseVersion(ver)
-	to := CurrentVersion
-	minorDiff := to.Minor - from.Minor
-	switch {
-	case minorDiff >= 15:
-		// Start failing the build after about 15 months.
-		return logg.LevelError
-	case minorDiff >= 3:
-		// Start printing warnings after about 3 months.
-		return logg.LevelWarn
-	default:
-		return logg.LevelInfo
-	}
-}
--- a/common/hugo/hugo_integration_test.go
+++ b/common/hugo/hugo_integration_test.go
@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package hugo_test
-
-import (
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
-)
-
-func TestIsMultilingualAndIsMultihost(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	files := `
-- hugo.toml --
-disableKinds = ['page','rss','section','sitemap','taxonomy','term']
-defaultContentLanguageInSubdir = true
-[languages.de]
-baseURL = 'https://de.example.org/'
-[languages.en]
-baseURL = 'https://en.example.org/'
-- content/_index.md --
---
-title: home
---
-- layouts/index.html --
-multilingual={{ hugo.IsMultilingual }}
-multihost={{ hugo.IsMultihost }}
-  `
-
-	b := hugolib.Test(t, files)
-
-	b.AssertFileContent("public/de/index.html",
-		"multilingual=true",
-		"multihost=true",
-	)
-	b.AssertFileContent("public/en/index.html",
-		"multilingual=true",
-		"multihost=true",
-	)
-
-	files = strings.ReplaceAll(files, "baseURL = 'https://de.example.org/'", "")
-	files = strings.ReplaceAll(files, "baseURL = 'https://en.example.org/'", "")
-
-	b = hugolib.Test(t, files)
-
-	b.AssertFileContent("public/de/index.html",
-		"multilingual=true",
-		"multihost=false",
-	)
-	b.AssertFileContent("public/en/index.html",
-		"multilingual=true",
-		"multihost=false",
-	)
-
-	files = strings.ReplaceAll(files, "[languages.de]", "")
-	files = strings.ReplaceAll(files, "[languages.en]", "")
-
-	b = hugolib.Test(t, files)
-
-	b.AssertFileContent("public/en/index.html",
-		"multilingual=false",
-		"multihost=false",
-	)
-}
--- a/common/hugo/hugo_test.go
+++ b/common/hugo/hugo_test.go
@ -14,18 +14,16 @@
 package hugo

 import (
-	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"testing"

-	"github.com/bep/logg"
 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
 )

 func TestHugoInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	c := qt.New(t)

-	conf := testConfig{environment: "production", workingDir: "/mywork", running: false}
+	conf := testConfig{environment: "production", workingDir: "/mywork"}
 	hugoInfo := NewInfo(conf, nil)

 	c.Assert(hugoInfo.Version(), qt.Equals, CurrentVersion.Version())
@ -40,72 +38,22 @@ func TestHugoInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	c.Assert(hugoInfo.Environment, qt.Equals, "production")
 	c.Assert(string(hugoInfo.Generator()), qt.Contains, fmt.Sprintf("Hugo %s", hugoInfo.Version()))
-	c.Assert(hugoInfo.IsDevelopment(), qt.Equals, false)
 	c.Assert(hugoInfo.IsProduction(), qt.Equals, true)
 	c.Assert(hugoInfo.IsExtended(), qt.Equals, IsExtended)
-	c.Assert(hugoInfo.IsServer(), qt.Equals, false)

-	devHugoInfo := NewInfo(testConfig{environment: "development", running: true}, nil)
-	c.Assert(devHugoInfo.IsDevelopment(), qt.Equals, true)
+	devHugoInfo := NewInfo(testConfig{environment: "development"}, nil)
 	c.Assert(devHugoInfo.IsProduction(), qt.Equals, false)
-	c.Assert(devHugoInfo.IsServer(), qt.Equals, true)
-}
-
-func TestDeprecationLogLevelFromVersion(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	c.Assert(deprecationLogLevelFromVersion("0.55.0"), qt.Equals, logg.LevelError)
-	ver := CurrentVersion
-	c.Assert(deprecationLogLevelFromVersion(ver.String()), qt.Equals, logg.LevelInfo)
-	ver.Minor -= 3
-	c.Assert(deprecationLogLevelFromVersion(ver.String()), qt.Equals, logg.LevelWarn)
-	ver.Minor -= 4
-	c.Assert(deprecationLogLevelFromVersion(ver.String()), qt.Equals, logg.LevelWarn)
-	ver.Minor -= 13
-	c.Assert(deprecationLogLevelFromVersion(ver.String()), qt.Equals, logg.LevelError)
-
-	// Added just to find the threshold for where we can remove deprecated items.
-	// Subtract 5 from the minor version of the first ERRORed version => 0.122.0.
-	c.Assert(deprecationLogLevelFromVersion("0.127.0"), qt.Equals, logg.LevelError)
-}
-
-func TestMarkupScope(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	conf := testConfig{environment: "production", workingDir: "/mywork", running: false}
-	info := NewInfo(conf, nil)
-
-	ctx := context.Background()
-
-	ctx = SetMarkupScope(ctx, "foo")
-
-	c.Assert(info.Context.MarkupScope(ctx), qt.Equals, "foo")
 }

 type testConfig struct {
 	environment string
-	running      bool
 	workingDir  string
-	multihost    bool
-	multilingual bool
 }

 func (c testConfig) Environment() string {
 	return c.environment
 }

-func (c testConfig) Running() bool {
-	return c.running
-}
-
 func (c testConfig) WorkingDir() string {
 	return c.workingDir
 }
-
-func (c testConfig) IsMultihost() bool {
-	return c.multihost
-}
-
-func (c testConfig) IsMultilingual() bool {
-	return c.multilingual
-}
--- a/common/hugo/vars_extended.go
+++ b/common/hugo/vars_extended.go
@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 // limitations under the License.

 //go:build extended
+// +build extended

 package hugo

--- a/common/hugo/vars_regular.go
+++ b/common/hugo/vars_regular.go
@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 // limitations under the License.

 //go:build !extended
+// +build !extended

 package hugo

--- a/common/hugo/vars_withdeploy.go
+++ b/common/hugo/vars_withdeploy.go
@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-//go:build withdeploy
-
-package hugo
-
-var IsWithdeploy = true
--- a/common/hugo/vars_withdeploy_off.go
+++ b/common/hugo/vars_withdeploy_off.go
@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-//go:build !withdeploy
-
-package hugo
-
-var IsWithdeploy = false
--- a/common/hugo/version.go
+++ b/common/hugo/version.go
@ -67,11 +67,8 @@ func (h VersionString) String() string {

 // Compare implements the compare.Comparer interface.
 func (h VersionString) Compare(other any) int {
-	return compareVersions(h.Version(), other)
-}
-
-func (h VersionString) Version() Version {
-	return MustParseVersion(h.String())
+	v := MustParseVersion(h.String())
+	return compareVersions(v, other)
 }

 // Eq implements the compare.Eqer interface.
@ -152,9 +149,6 @@ func BuildVersionString() string {
 	if IsExtended {
 		version += "+extended"
 	}
-	if IsWithdeploy {
-		version += "+withdeploy"
-	}

 	osArch := bi.GoOS + "/" + bi.GoArch

@ -270,6 +264,7 @@ func compareFloatWithVersion(v1 float64, v2 Version) int {

 	if v1maj > v2.Major {
 		return 1
+
 	}

 	if v1maj < v2.Major {
@ -281,6 +276,7 @@ func compareFloatWithVersion(v1 float64, v2 Version) int {
 	}

 	return -1
+
 }

 func GoMinorVersion() int {
--- a/common/hugo/version_current.go
+++ b/common/hugo/version_current.go
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ package hugo
 // This should be the only one.
 var CurrentVersion = Version{
 	Major:      0,
-	Minor:      148,
+	Minor:      112,
 	PatchLevel: 0,
-	Suffix:     "-DEV",
+	Suffix:     "",
 }
--- a/common/loggers/handlerdefault.go
+++ b/common/loggers/handlerdefault.go
@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Some functions in this file (see comments) is based on the Go source code,
-// copyright The Go Authors and  governed by a BSD-style license.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-// package loggers contains some basic logging setup.
-package loggers
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-	"strings"
-	"sync"
-
-	"github.com/bep/logg"
-
-	"github.com/fatih/color"
-)
-
-// levelColor mapping.
-var levelColor = [...]*color.Color{
-	logg.LevelTrace: color.New(color.FgWhite),
-	logg.LevelDebug: color.New(color.FgWhite),
-	logg.LevelInfo:  color.New(color.FgBlue),
-	logg.LevelWarn:  color.New(color.FgYellow),
-	logg.LevelError: color.New(color.FgRed),
-}
-
-// levelString mapping.
-var levelString = [...]string{
-	logg.LevelTrace: "TRACE",
-	logg.LevelDebug: "DEBUG",
-	logg.LevelInfo:  "INFO ",
-	logg.LevelWarn:  "WARN ",
-	logg.LevelError: "ERROR",
-}
-
-// newDefaultHandler handler.
-func newDefaultHandler(outWriter, errWriter io.Writer) logg.Handler {
-	return &defaultHandler{
-		outWriter: outWriter,
-		errWriter: errWriter,
-		Padding:   0,
-	}
-}
-
-// Default Handler implementation.
-// Based on https://github.com/apex/log/blob/master/handlers/cli/cli.go
-type defaultHandler struct {
-	mu        sync.Mutex
-	outWriter io.Writer // Defaults to os.Stdout.
-	errWriter io.Writer // Defaults to os.Stderr.
-
-	Padding int
-}
-
-// HandleLog implements logg.Handler.
-func (h *defaultHandler) HandleLog(e *logg.Entry) error {
-	color := levelColor[e.Level]
-	level := levelString[e.Level]
-
-	h.mu.Lock()
-	defer h.mu.Unlock()
-
-	var w io.Writer
-	if e.Level > logg.LevelInfo {
-		w = h.errWriter
-	} else {
-		w = h.outWriter
-	}
-
-	var prefix string
-	for _, field := range e.Fields {
-		if field.Name == FieldNameCmd {
-			prefix = fmt.Sprint(field.Value)
-			break
-		}
-	}
-
-	if prefix != "" {
-		prefix = prefix + ": "
-	}
-
-	color.Fprintf(w, "%s %s%s", fmt.Sprintf("%*s", h.Padding+1, level), color.Sprint(prefix), e.Message)
-
-	for _, field := range e.Fields {
-		if strings.HasPrefix(field.Name, reservedFieldNamePrefix) {
-			continue
-		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, " %s %v", color.Sprint(field.Name), field.Value)
-	}
-
-	fmt.Fprintln(w)
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/common/loggers/handlersmisc.go
+++ b/common/loggers/handlersmisc.go
@ -1,145 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Some functions in this file (see comments) is based on the Go source code,
-// copyright The Go Authors and  governed by a BSD-style license.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package loggers
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"strings"
-	"sync"
-
-	"github.com/bep/logg"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
-)
-
-// PanicOnWarningHook panics on warnings.
-var PanicOnWarningHook = func(e *logg.Entry) error {
-	if e.Level != logg.LevelWarn {
-		return nil
-	}
-	panic(e.Message)
-}
-
-func newLogLevelCounter() *logLevelCounter {
-	return &logLevelCounter{
-		counters: make(map[logg.Level]int),
-	}
-}
-
-func newLogOnceHandler(threshold logg.Level) *logOnceHandler {
-	return &logOnceHandler{
-		threshold: threshold,
-		seen:      make(map[uint64]bool),
-	}
-}
-
-func newStopHandler(h ...logg.Handler) *stopHandler {
-	return &stopHandler{
-		handlers: h,
-	}
-}
-
-func newSuppressStatementsHandler(statements map[string]bool) *suppressStatementsHandler {
-	return &suppressStatementsHandler{
-		statements: statements,
-	}
-}
-
-type logLevelCounter struct {
-	mu       sync.RWMutex
-	counters map[logg.Level]int
-}
-
-func (h *logLevelCounter) HandleLog(e *logg.Entry) error {
-	h.mu.Lock()
-	defer h.mu.Unlock()
-	h.counters[e.Level]++
-	return nil
-}
-
-var errStop = fmt.Errorf("stop")
-
-type logOnceHandler struct {
-	threshold logg.Level
-	mu        sync.Mutex
-	seen      map[uint64]bool
-}
-
-func (h *logOnceHandler) HandleLog(e *logg.Entry) error {
-	if e.Level < h.threshold {
-		// We typically only want to enable this for warnings and above.
-		// The common use case is that many go routines may log the same error.
-		return nil
-	}
-	h.mu.Lock()
-	defer h.mu.Unlock()
-	hash := hashing.HashUint64(e.Level, e.Message, e.Fields)
-	if h.seen[hash] {
-		return errStop
-	}
-	h.seen[hash] = true
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (h *logOnceHandler) reset() {
-	h.mu.Lock()
-	defer h.mu.Unlock()
-	h.seen = make(map[uint64]bool)
-}
-
-type stopHandler struct {
-	handlers []logg.Handler
-}
-
-// HandleLog implements logg.Handler.
-func (h *stopHandler) HandleLog(e *logg.Entry) error {
-	for _, handler := range h.handlers {
-		if err := handler.HandleLog(e); err != nil {
-			if err == errStop {
-				return nil
-			}
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-type suppressStatementsHandler struct {
-	statements map[string]bool
-}
-
-func (h *suppressStatementsHandler) HandleLog(e *logg.Entry) error {
-	for _, field := range e.Fields {
-		if field.Name == FieldNameStatementID {
-			if h.statements[field.Value.(string)] {
-				return errStop
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// whiteSpaceTrimmer creates a new log handler that trims whitespace from log messages and string fields.
-func whiteSpaceTrimmer() logg.Handler {
-	return logg.HandlerFunc(func(e *logg.Entry) error {
-		e.Message = strings.TrimSpace(e.Message)
-		for i, field := range e.Fields {
-			if s, ok := field.Value.(string); ok {
-				e.Fields[i].Value = strings.TrimSpace(s)
-			}
-		}
-		return nil
-	})
-}
--- a/common/loggers/handlerterminal.go
+++ b/common/loggers/handlerterminal.go
@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Some functions in this file (see comments) is based on the Go source code,
-// copyright The Go Authors and  governed by a BSD-style license.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package loggers
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-	"regexp"
-	"strings"
-	"sync"
-
-	"github.com/bep/logg"
-)
-
-// newNoAnsiEscapeHandler creates a new noAnsiEscapeHandler
-func newNoAnsiEscapeHandler(outWriter, errWriter io.Writer, noLevelPrefix bool, predicate func(*logg.Entry) bool) *noAnsiEscapeHandler {
-	if predicate == nil {
-		predicate = func(e *logg.Entry) bool { return true }
-	}
-	return &noAnsiEscapeHandler{
-		noLevelPrefix: noLevelPrefix,
-		outWriter:     outWriter,
-		errWriter:     errWriter,
-		predicate:     predicate,
-	}
-}
-
-type noAnsiEscapeHandler struct {
-	mu            sync.Mutex
-	outWriter     io.Writer
-	errWriter     io.Writer
-	predicate     func(*logg.Entry) bool
-	noLevelPrefix bool
-}
-
-func (h *noAnsiEscapeHandler) HandleLog(e *logg.Entry) error {
-	if !h.predicate(e) {
-		return nil
-	}
-	h.mu.Lock()
-	defer h.mu.Unlock()
-
-	var w io.Writer
-	if e.Level > logg.LevelInfo {
-		w = h.errWriter
-	} else {
-		w = h.outWriter
-	}
-
-	var prefix string
-	for _, field := range e.Fields {
-		if field.Name == FieldNameCmd {
-			prefix = fmt.Sprint(field.Value)
-			break
-		}
-	}
-
-	if prefix != "" {
-		prefix = prefix + ": "
-	}
-
-	msg := stripANSI(e.Message)
-
-	if h.noLevelPrefix {
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s%s", prefix, msg)
-	} else {
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s %s%s", levelString[e.Level], prefix, msg)
-	}
-
-	for _, field := range e.Fields {
-		if strings.HasPrefix(field.Name, reservedFieldNamePrefix) {
-			continue
-		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, " %s %v", field.Name, field.Value)
-
-	}
-	fmt.Fprintln(w)
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-var ansiRe = regexp.MustCompile(`\x1b\[[0-9;]*m`)
-
-// stripANSI removes ANSI escape codes from s.
-func stripANSI(s string) string {
-	return ansiRe.ReplaceAllString(s, "")
-}
--- a/common/loggers/handlerterminal_test.go
+++ b/common/loggers/handlerterminal_test.go
@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Some functions in this file (see comments) is based on the Go source code,
-// copyright The Go Authors and  governed by a BSD-style license.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package loggers
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/bep/logg"
-	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/terminal"
-)
-
-func TestNoAnsiEscapeHandler(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	test := func(s string) {
-		c.Assert(stripANSI(terminal.Notice(s)), qt.Equals, s)
-	}
-	test(`error in "file.md:1:2"`)
-
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	h := newNoAnsiEscapeHandler(&buf, &buf, false, nil)
-	h.HandleLog(&logg.Entry{Message: terminal.Notice(`error in "file.md:1:2"`), Level: logg.LevelInfo})
-
-	c.Assert(buf.String(), qt.Equals, "INFO  error in \"file.md:1:2\"\n")
-}
--- a/common/loggers/ignorableLogger.go
+++ b/common/loggers/ignorableLogger.go
@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package loggers
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+// IgnorableLogger is a logger that ignores certain log statements.
+type IgnorableLogger interface {
+	Logger
+	Errorsf(statementID, format string, v ...any)
+	Apply(logger Logger) IgnorableLogger
+}
+
+type ignorableLogger struct {
+	Logger
+	statements map[string]bool
+}
+
+// NewIgnorableLogger wraps the given logger and ignores the log statement IDs given.
+func NewIgnorableLogger(logger Logger, statements map[string]bool) IgnorableLogger {
+	if statements == nil {
+		statements = make(map[string]bool)
+	}
+	return ignorableLogger{
+		Logger:     logger,
+		statements: statements,
+	}
+}
+
+// Errorsf logs statementID as an ERROR if not configured as ignoreable.
+func (l ignorableLogger) Errorsf(statementID, format string, v ...any) {
+	if l.statements[statementID] {
+		// Ignore.
+		return
+	}
+	ignoreMsg := fmt.Sprintf(`
+If you feel that this should not be logged as an ERROR, you can ignore it by adding this to your site config:
+ignoreErrors = [%q]`, statementID)
+
+	format += ignoreMsg
+
+	l.Errorf(format, v...)
+}
+
+func (l ignorableLogger) Apply(logger Logger) IgnorableLogger {
+	return ignorableLogger{
+		Logger:     logger,
+		statements: l.statements,
+	}
+}
--- a/common/loggers/logger.go
+++ b/common/loggers/logger.go
@ -1,385 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Some functions in this file (see comments) is based on the Go source code,
-// copyright The Go Authors and  governed by a BSD-style license.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package loggers
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-	"os"
-	"strings"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/bep/logg"
-	"github.com/bep/logg/handlers/multi"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/terminal"
-)
-
-var (
-	reservedFieldNamePrefix = "__h_field_"
-	// FieldNameCmd is the name of the field that holds the command name.
-	FieldNameCmd = reservedFieldNamePrefix + "_cmd"
-	// Used to suppress statements.
-	FieldNameStatementID = reservedFieldNamePrefix + "__h_field_statement_id"
-)
-
-// Options defines options for the logger.
-type Options struct {
-	Level              logg.Level
-	StdOut             io.Writer
-	StdErr             io.Writer
-	DistinctLevel      logg.Level
-	StoreErrors        bool
-	HandlerPost        func(e *logg.Entry) error
-	SuppressStatements map[string]bool
-}
-
-// New creates a new logger with the given options.
-func New(opts Options) Logger {
-	if opts.StdOut == nil {
-		opts.StdOut = os.Stdout
-	}
-	if opts.StdErr == nil {
-		opts.StdErr = os.Stderr
-	}
-
-	if opts.Level == 0 {
-		opts.Level = logg.LevelWarn
-	}
-
-	var logHandler logg.Handler
-	if terminal.PrintANSIColors(os.Stderr) {
-		logHandler = newDefaultHandler(opts.StdErr, opts.StdErr)
-	} else {
-		logHandler = newNoAnsiEscapeHandler(opts.StdErr, opts.StdErr, false, nil)
-	}
-
-	errorsw := &strings.Builder{}
-	logCounters := newLogLevelCounter()
-	handlers := []logg.Handler{
-		logCounters,
-	}
-
-	if opts.Level == logg.LevelTrace {
-		// Trace is used during development only, and it's useful to
-		// only see the trace messages.
-		handlers = append(handlers,
-			logg.HandlerFunc(func(e *logg.Entry) error {
-				if e.Level != logg.LevelTrace {
-					return logg.ErrStopLogEntry
-				}
-				return nil
-			}),
-		)
-	}
-
-	handlers = append(handlers, whiteSpaceTrimmer(), logHandler)
-
-	if opts.HandlerPost != nil {
-		var hookHandler logg.HandlerFunc = func(e *logg.Entry) error {
-			opts.HandlerPost(e)
-			return nil
-		}
-		handlers = append(handlers, hookHandler)
-	}
-
-	if opts.StoreErrors {
-		h := newNoAnsiEscapeHandler(io.Discard, errorsw, true, func(e *logg.Entry) bool {
-			return e.Level >= logg.LevelError
-		})
-
-		handlers = append(handlers, h)
-	}
-
-	logHandler = multi.New(handlers...)
-
-	var logOnce *logOnceHandler
-	if opts.DistinctLevel != 0 {
-		logOnce = newLogOnceHandler(opts.DistinctLevel)
-		logHandler = newStopHandler(logOnce, logHandler)
-	}
-
-	if len(opts.SuppressStatements) > 0 {
-		logHandler = newStopHandler(newSuppressStatementsHandler(opts.SuppressStatements), logHandler)
-	}
-
-	logger := logg.New(
-		logg.Options{
-			Level:   opts.Level,
-			Handler: logHandler,
-		},
-	)
-
-	l := logger.WithLevel(opts.Level)
-
-	reset := func() {
-		logCounters.mu.Lock()
-		defer logCounters.mu.Unlock()
-		logCounters.counters = make(map[logg.Level]int)
-		errorsw.Reset()
-		if logOnce != nil {
-			logOnce.reset()
-		}
-	}
-
-	return &logAdapter{
-		logCounters: logCounters,
-		errors:      errorsw,
-		reset:       reset,
-		stdOut:      opts.StdOut,
-		stdErr:      opts.StdErr,
-		level:       opts.Level,
-		logger:      logger,
-		tracel:      l.WithLevel(logg.LevelTrace),
-		debugl:      l.WithLevel(logg.LevelDebug),
-		infol:       l.WithLevel(logg.LevelInfo),
-		warnl:       l.WithLevel(logg.LevelWarn),
-		errorl:      l.WithLevel(logg.LevelError),
-	}
-}
-
-// NewDefault creates a new logger with the default options.
-func NewDefault() Logger {
-	opts := Options{
-		DistinctLevel: logg.LevelWarn,
-		Level:         logg.LevelWarn,
-	}
-	return New(opts)
-}
-
-func NewTrace() Logger {
-	opts := Options{
-		DistinctLevel: logg.LevelWarn,
-		Level:         logg.LevelTrace,
-	}
-	return New(opts)
-}
-
-func LevelLoggerToWriter(l logg.LevelLogger) io.Writer {
-	return logWriter{l: l}
-}
-
-type Logger interface {
-	Debug() logg.LevelLogger
-	Debugf(format string, v ...any)
-	Debugln(v ...any)
-	Error() logg.LevelLogger
-	Errorf(format string, v ...any)
-	Erroridf(id, format string, v ...any)
-	Errorln(v ...any)
-	Errors() string
-	Info() logg.LevelLogger
-	InfoCommand(command string) logg.LevelLogger
-	Infof(format string, v ...any)
-	Infoln(v ...any)
-	Level() logg.Level
-	LoggCount(logg.Level) int
-	Logger() logg.Logger
-	StdOut() io.Writer
-	StdErr() io.Writer
-	Printf(format string, v ...any)
-	Println(v ...any)
-	PrintTimerIfDelayed(start time.Time, name string)
-	Reset()
-	Warn() logg.LevelLogger
-	WarnCommand(command string) logg.LevelLogger
-	Warnf(format string, v ...any)
-	Warnidf(id, format string, v ...any)
-	Warnln(v ...any)
-	Deprecatef(fail bool, format string, v ...any)
-	Trace(s logg.StringFunc)
-}
-
-type logAdapter struct {
-	logCounters *logLevelCounter
-	errors      *strings.Builder
-	reset       func()
-	stdOut      io.Writer
-	stdErr      io.Writer
-	level       logg.Level
-	logger      logg.Logger
-	tracel      logg.LevelLogger
-	debugl      logg.LevelLogger
-	infol       logg.LevelLogger
-	warnl       logg.LevelLogger
-	errorl      logg.LevelLogger
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) Debug() logg.LevelLogger {
-	return l.debugl
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) Debugf(format string, v ...any) {
-	l.debugl.Logf(format, v...)
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) Debugln(v ...any) {
-	l.debugl.Logf(l.sprint(v...))
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) Info() logg.LevelLogger {
-	return l.infol
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) InfoCommand(command string) logg.LevelLogger {
-	return l.infol.WithField(FieldNameCmd, command)
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) Infof(format string, v ...any) {
-	l.infol.Logf(format, v...)
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) Infoln(v ...any) {
-	l.infol.Logf(l.sprint(v...))
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) Level() logg.Level {
-	return l.level
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) LoggCount(level logg.Level) int {
-	l.logCounters.mu.RLock()
-	defer l.logCounters.mu.RUnlock()
-	return l.logCounters.counters[level]
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) Logger() logg.Logger {
-	return l.logger
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) StdOut() io.Writer {
-	return l.stdOut
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) StdErr() io.Writer {
-	return l.stdErr
-}
-
-// PrintTimerIfDelayed prints a time statement to the FEEDBACK logger
-// if considerable time is spent.
-func (l *logAdapter) PrintTimerIfDelayed(start time.Time, name string) {
-	elapsed := time.Since(start)
-	milli := int(1000 * elapsed.Seconds())
-	if milli < 500 {
-		return
-	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(l.stdErr, "%s in %v ms", name, milli)
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) Printf(format string, v ...any) {
-	// Add trailing newline if not present.
-	if !strings.HasSuffix(format, "\n") {
-		format += "\n"
-	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(l.stdOut, format, v...)
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) Println(v ...any) {
-	fmt.Fprintln(l.stdOut, v...)
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) Reset() {
-	l.reset()
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) Warn() logg.LevelLogger {
-	return l.warnl
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) Warnf(format string, v ...any) {
-	l.warnl.Logf(format, v...)
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) WarnCommand(command string) logg.LevelLogger {
-	return l.warnl.WithField(FieldNameCmd, command)
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) Warnln(v ...any) {
-	l.warnl.Logf(l.sprint(v...))
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) Error() logg.LevelLogger {
-	return l.errorl
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) Errorf(format string, v ...any) {
-	l.errorl.Logf(format, v...)
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) Errorln(v ...any) {
-	l.errorl.Logf(l.sprint(v...))
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) Errors() string {
-	return l.errors.String()
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) Erroridf(id, format string, v ...any) {
-	id = strings.ToLower(id)
-	format += l.idfInfoStatement("error", id, format)
-	l.errorl.WithField(FieldNameStatementID, id).Logf(format, v...)
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) Warnidf(id, format string, v ...any) {
-	id = strings.ToLower(id)
-	format += l.idfInfoStatement("warning", id, format)
-	l.warnl.WithField(FieldNameStatementID, id).Logf(format, v...)
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) idfInfoStatement(what, id, format string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("\nYou can suppress this %s by adding the following to your site configuration:\nignoreLogs = ['%s']", what, id)
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) Trace(s logg.StringFunc) {
-	l.tracel.Log(s)
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) sprint(v ...any) string {
-	return strings.TrimRight(fmt.Sprintln(v...), "\n")
-}
-
-func (l *logAdapter) Deprecatef(fail bool, format string, v ...any) {
-	format = "DEPRECATED: " + format
-	if fail {
-		l.errorl.Logf(format, v...)
-	} else {
-		l.warnl.Logf(format, v...)
-	}
-}
-
-type logWriter struct {
-	l logg.LevelLogger
-}
-
-func (w logWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
-	w.l.Log(logg.String(string(p)))
-	return len(p), nil
-}
-
-func TimeTrackf(l logg.LevelLogger, start time.Time, fields logg.Fields, format string, a ...any) {
-	elapsed := time.Since(start)
-	if fields != nil {
-		l = l.WithFields(fields)
-	}
-	l.WithField("duration", elapsed).Logf(format, a...)
-}
-
-func TimeTrackfn(fn func() (logg.LevelLogger, error)) error {
-	start := time.Now()
-	l, err := fn()
-	elapsed := time.Since(start)
-	l.WithField("duration", elapsed).Logf("")
-	return err
-}
--- a/common/loggers/logger_test.go
+++ b/common/loggers/logger_test.go
@ -1,154 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Some functions in this file (see comments) is based on the Go source code,
-// copyright The Go Authors and  governed by a BSD-style license.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package loggers_test
-
-import (
-	"io"
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/bep/logg"
-	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
-)
-
-func TestLogDistinct(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	opts := loggers.Options{
-		DistinctLevel: logg.LevelWarn,
-		StoreErrors:   true,
-		StdOut:        io.Discard,
-		StdErr:        io.Discard,
-	}
-
-	l := loggers.New(opts)
-
-	for range 10 {
-		l.Errorln("error 1")
-		l.Errorln("error 2")
-		l.Warnln("warn 1")
-	}
-	c.Assert(strings.Count(l.Errors(), "error 1"), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(l.LoggCount(logg.LevelError), qt.Equals, 2)
-	c.Assert(l.LoggCount(logg.LevelWarn), qt.Equals, 1)
-}
-
-func TestHookLast(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	opts := loggers.Options{
-		HandlerPost: func(e *logg.Entry) error {
-			panic(e.Message)
-		},
-		StdOut: io.Discard,
-		StdErr: io.Discard,
-	}
-
-	l := loggers.New(opts)
-
-	c.Assert(func() { l.Warnln("warn 1") }, qt.PanicMatches, "warn 1")
-}
-
-func TestOptionStoreErrors(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	var sb strings.Builder
-
-	opts := loggers.Options{
-		StoreErrors: true,
-		StdErr:      &sb,
-		StdOut:      &sb,
-	}
-
-	l := loggers.New(opts)
-	l.Errorln("error 1")
-	l.Errorln("error 2")
-
-	errorsStr := l.Errors()
-
-	c.Assert(errorsStr, qt.Contains, "error 1")
-	c.Assert(errorsStr, qt.Not(qt.Contains), "ERROR")
-
-	c.Assert(sb.String(), qt.Contains, "error 1")
-	c.Assert(sb.String(), qt.Contains, "ERROR")
-}
-
-func TestLogCount(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	opts := loggers.Options{
-		StoreErrors: true,
-	}
-
-	l := loggers.New(opts)
-	l.Errorln("error 1")
-	l.Errorln("error 2")
-	l.Warnln("warn 1")
-
-	c.Assert(l.LoggCount(logg.LevelError), qt.Equals, 2)
-	c.Assert(l.LoggCount(logg.LevelWarn), qt.Equals, 1)
-	c.Assert(l.LoggCount(logg.LevelInfo), qt.Equals, 0)
-}
-
-func TestSuppressStatements(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	opts := loggers.Options{
-		StoreErrors: true,
-		SuppressStatements: map[string]bool{
-			"error-1": true,
-		},
-	}
-
-	l := loggers.New(opts)
-	l.Error().WithField(loggers.FieldNameStatementID, "error-1").Logf("error 1")
-	l.Errorln("error 2")
-
-	errorsStr := l.Errors()
-
-	c.Assert(errorsStr, qt.Not(qt.Contains), "error 1")
-	c.Assert(errorsStr, qt.Contains, "error 2")
-	c.Assert(l.LoggCount(logg.LevelError), qt.Equals, 1)
-}
-
-func TestReset(t *testing.T) {
-	c := qt.New(t)
-
-	opts := loggers.Options{
-		StoreErrors:   true,
-		DistinctLevel: logg.LevelWarn,
-		StdOut:        io.Discard,
-		StdErr:        io.Discard,
-	}
-
-	l := loggers.New(opts)
-
-	for range 3 {
-		l.Errorln("error 1")
-		l.Errorln("error 2")
-		l.Errorln("error 1")
-		c.Assert(l.LoggCount(logg.LevelError), qt.Equals, 2)
-
-		l.Reset()
-
-		errorsStr := l.Errors()
-
-		c.Assert(errorsStr, qt.Equals, "")
-		c.Assert(l.LoggCount(logg.LevelError), qt.Equals, 0)
-
-	}
-}
--- a/common/loggers/loggerglobal.go
+++ b/common/loggers/loggerglobal.go
@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Some functions in this file (see comments) is based on the Go source code,
-// copyright The Go Authors and  governed by a BSD-style license.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package loggers
-
-import (
-	"sync"
-
-	"github.com/bep/logg"
-)
-
-// SetGlobalLogger sets the global logger.
-// This is used in a few places in Hugo, e.g. deprecated functions.
-func SetGlobalLogger(logger Logger) {
-	logMu.Lock()
-	defer logMu.Unlock()
-	log = logger
-}
-
-func initGlobalLogger(level logg.Level, panicOnWarnings bool) {
-	logMu.Lock()
-	defer logMu.Unlock()
-	var logHookLast func(e *logg.Entry) error
-	if panicOnWarnings {
-		logHookLast = PanicOnWarningHook
-	}
-
-	log = New(
-		Options{
-			Level:         level,
-			DistinctLevel: logg.LevelInfo,
-			HandlerPost:   logHookLast,
-		},
-	)
-}
-
-var logMu sync.Mutex
-
-func Log() Logger {
-	logMu.Lock()
-	defer logMu.Unlock()
-	return log
-}
-
-// The global logger.
-var log Logger
-
-func init() {
-	initGlobalLogger(logg.LevelWarn, false)
-}
--- a/common/loggers/loggers.go
+++ b/common/loggers/loggers.go
@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package loggers
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"regexp"
+	"runtime"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/terminal"
+
+	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"
+)
+
+var (
+	// Counts ERROR logs to the global jww logger.
+	GlobalErrorCounter *jww.Counter
+	PanicOnWarning     atomic.Bool
+)
+
+func init() {
+	GlobalErrorCounter = &jww.Counter{}
+	jww.SetLogListeners(jww.LogCounter(GlobalErrorCounter, jww.LevelError))
+}
+
+func LoggerToWriterWithPrefix(logger *log.Logger, prefix string) io.Writer {
+	return prefixWriter{
+		logger: logger,
+		prefix: prefix,
+	}
+}
+
+type prefixWriter struct {
+	logger *log.Logger
+	prefix string
+}
+
+func (w prefixWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	w.logger.Printf("%s: %s", w.prefix, p)
+	return len(p), nil
+}
+
+type Logger interface {
+	Printf(format string, v ...any)
+	Println(v ...any)
+	PrintTimerIfDelayed(start time.Time, name string)
+	Debug() *log.Logger
+	Debugf(format string, v ...any)
+	Debugln(v ...any)
+	Info() *log.Logger
+	Infof(format string, v ...any)
+	Infoln(v ...any)
+	Warn() *log.Logger
+	Warnf(format string, v ...any)
+	Warnln(v ...any)
+	Error() *log.Logger
+	Errorf(format string, v ...any)
+	Errorln(v ...any)
+	Errors() string
+
+	Out() io.Writer
+
+	Reset()
+
+	// Used in tests.
+	LogCounters() *LogCounters
+}
+
+type LogCounters struct {
+	ErrorCounter *jww.Counter
+	WarnCounter  *jww.Counter
+}
+
+type logger struct {
+	*jww.Notepad
+
+	// The writer that represents stdout.
+	// Will be io.Discard when in quiet mode.
+	out io.Writer
+
+	logCounters *LogCounters
+
+	// This is only set in server mode.
+	errors *bytes.Buffer
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Printf(format string, v ...any) {
+	l.FEEDBACK.Printf(format, v...)
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Println(v ...any) {
+	l.FEEDBACK.Println(v...)
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Debug() *log.Logger {
+	return l.DEBUG
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Debugf(format string, v ...any) {
+	l.DEBUG.Printf(format, v...)
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Debugln(v ...any) {
+	l.DEBUG.Println(v...)
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Infof(format string, v ...any) {
+	l.INFO.Printf(format, v...)
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Infoln(v ...any) {
+	l.INFO.Println(v...)
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Info() *log.Logger {
+	return l.INFO
+}
+
+const panicOnWarningMessage = "Warning trapped. Remove the --panicOnWarning flag to continue."
+
+func (l *logger) Warnf(format string, v ...any) {
+	l.WARN.Printf(format, v...)
+	if PanicOnWarning.Load() {
+		panic(panicOnWarningMessage)
+	}
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Warnln(v ...any) {
+	l.WARN.Println(v...)
+	if PanicOnWarning.Load() {
+		panic(panicOnWarningMessage)
+	}
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Warn() *log.Logger {
+	return l.WARN
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Errorf(format string, v ...any) {
+	l.ERROR.Printf(format, v...)
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Errorln(v ...any) {
+	l.ERROR.Println(v...)
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Error() *log.Logger {
+	return l.ERROR
+}
+
+func (l *logger) LogCounters() *LogCounters {
+	return l.logCounters
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Out() io.Writer {
+	return l.out
+}
+
+// PrintTimerIfDelayed prints a time statement to the FEEDBACK logger
+// if considerable time is spent.
+func (l *logger) PrintTimerIfDelayed(start time.Time, name string) {
+	elapsed := time.Since(start)
+	milli := int(1000 * elapsed.Seconds())
+	if milli < 500 {
+		return
+	}
+	l.Printf("%s in %v ms", name, milli)
+}
+
+func (l *logger) PrintTimer(start time.Time, name string) {
+	elapsed := time.Since(start)
+	milli := int(1000 * elapsed.Seconds())
+	l.Printf("%s in %v ms", name, milli)
+}
+
+func (l *logger) Errors() string {
+	if l.errors == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return ansiColorRe.ReplaceAllString(l.errors.String(), "")
+}
+
+// Reset resets the logger's internal state.
+func (l *logger) Reset() {
+	l.logCounters.ErrorCounter.Reset()
+	if l.errors != nil {
+		l.errors.Reset()
+	}
+}
+
+// NewLogger creates a new Logger for the given thresholds
+func NewLogger(stdoutThreshold, logThreshold jww.Threshold, outHandle, logHandle io.Writer, saveErrors bool) Logger {
+	return newLogger(stdoutThreshold, logThreshold, outHandle, logHandle, saveErrors)
+}
+
+// NewDebugLogger is a convenience function to create a debug logger.
+func NewDebugLogger() Logger {
+	return NewBasicLogger(jww.LevelDebug)
+}
+
+// NewWarningLogger is a convenience function to create a warning logger.
+func NewWarningLogger() Logger {
+	return NewBasicLogger(jww.LevelWarn)
+}
+
+// NewInfoLogger is a convenience function to create a info logger.
+func NewInfoLogger() Logger {
+	return NewBasicLogger(jww.LevelInfo)
+}
+
+// NewErrorLogger is a convenience function to create an error logger.
+func NewErrorLogger() Logger {
+	return NewBasicLogger(jww.LevelError)
+}
+
+// NewBasicLogger creates a new basic logger writing to Stdout.
+func NewBasicLogger(t jww.Threshold) Logger {
+	return newLogger(t, jww.LevelError, os.Stdout, io.Discard, false)
+}
+
+// NewBasicLoggerForWriter creates a new basic logger writing to w.
+func NewBasicLoggerForWriter(t jww.Threshold, w io.Writer) Logger {
+	return newLogger(t, jww.LevelError, w, io.Discard, false)
+}
+
+// RemoveANSIColours removes all ANSI colours from the given string.
+func RemoveANSIColours(s string) string {
+	return ansiColorRe.ReplaceAllString(s, "")
+}
+
+var (
+	ansiColorRe = regexp.MustCompile("(?s)\\033\\[\\d*(;\\d*)*m")
+	errorRe     = regexp.MustCompile("^(ERROR|FATAL|WARN)")
+)
+
+type ansiCleaner struct {
+	w io.Writer
+}
+
+func (a ansiCleaner) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	return a.w.Write(ansiColorRe.ReplaceAll(p, []byte("")))
+}
+
+type labelColorizer struct {
+	w io.Writer
+}
+
+func (a labelColorizer) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	replaced := errorRe.ReplaceAllStringFunc(string(p), func(m string) string {
+		switch m {
+		case "ERROR", "FATAL":
+			return terminal.Error(m)
+		case "WARN":
+			return terminal.Warning(m)
+		default:
+			return m
+		}
+	})
+	// io.MultiWriter will abort if we return a bigger write count than input
+	// bytes, so we lie a little.
+	_, err = a.w.Write([]byte(replaced))
+	return len(p), err
+}
+
+// InitGlobalLogger initializes the global logger, used in some rare cases.
+func InitGlobalLogger(stdoutThreshold, logThreshold jww.Threshold, outHandle, logHandle io.Writer) {
+	outHandle, logHandle = getLogWriters(outHandle, logHandle)
+
+	jww.SetStdoutOutput(outHandle)
+	jww.SetLogOutput(logHandle)
+	jww.SetLogThreshold(logThreshold)
+	jww.SetStdoutThreshold(stdoutThreshold)
+}
+
+func getLogWriters(outHandle, logHandle io.Writer) (io.Writer, io.Writer) {
+	isTerm := terminal.PrintANSIColors(os.Stdout)
+	if logHandle != io.Discard && isTerm {
+		// Remove any Ansi coloring from log output
+		logHandle = ansiCleaner{w: logHandle}
+	}
+
+	if isTerm {
+		outHandle = labelColorizer{w: outHandle}
+	}
+
+	return outHandle, logHandle
+}
+
+type fatalLogWriter int
+
+func (s fatalLogWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	trace := make([]byte, 1500)
+	runtime.Stack(trace, true)
+	fmt.Printf("\n===========\n\n%s\n", trace)
+	os.Exit(-1)
+
+	return 0, nil
+}
+
+var fatalLogListener = func(t jww.Threshold) io.Writer {
+	if t != jww.LevelError {
+		// Only interested in ERROR
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return new(fatalLogWriter)
+}
+
+func newLogger(stdoutThreshold, logThreshold jww.Threshold, outHandle, logHandle io.Writer, saveErrors bool) *logger {
+	errorCounter := &jww.Counter{}
+	warnCounter := &jww.Counter{}
+	outHandle, logHandle = getLogWriters(outHandle, logHandle)
+
+	listeners := []jww.LogListener{jww.LogCounter(errorCounter, jww.LevelError), jww.LogCounter(warnCounter, jww.LevelWarn)}
+	var errorBuff *bytes.Buffer
+	if saveErrors {
+		errorBuff = new(bytes.Buffer)
+		errorCapture := func(t jww.Threshold) io.Writer {
+			if t != jww.LevelError {
+				// Only interested in ERROR
+				return nil
+			}
+			return errorBuff
+		}
+
+		listeners = append(listeners, errorCapture)
+	}
+
+	return &logger{
+		Notepad: jww.NewNotepad(stdoutThreshold, logThreshold, outHandle, logHandle, "", log.Ldate|log.Ltime, listeners...),
+		out:     outHandle,
+		logCounters: &LogCounters{
+			ErrorCounter: errorCounter,
+			WarnCounter:  warnCounter,
+		},
+		errors: errorBuff,
+	}
+}
--- a/common/loggers/loggers_test.go
+++ b/common/loggers/loggers_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package loggers
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"testing"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+)
+
+func TestLogger(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+	l := NewWarningLogger()
+
+	l.Errorln("One error")
+	l.Errorln("Two error")
+	l.Warnln("A warning")
+
+	c.Assert(l.LogCounters().ErrorCounter.Count(), qt.Equals, uint64(2))
+}
+
+func TestLoggerToWriterWithPrefix(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	var b bytes.Buffer
+
+	logger := log.New(&b, "", 0)
+
+	w := LoggerToWriterWithPrefix(logger, "myprefix")
+
+	fmt.Fprint(w, "Hello Hugo!")
+
+	c.Assert(b.String(), qt.Equals, "myprefix: Hello Hugo!\n")
+}
+
+func TestRemoveANSIColours(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	c.Assert(RemoveANSIColours(""), qt.Equals, "")
+	c.Assert(RemoveANSIColours("\033[31m"), qt.Equals, "")
+	c.Assert(RemoveANSIColours("\033[31mHello"), qt.Equals, "Hello")
+	c.Assert(RemoveANSIColours("\033[31mHello\033[0m"), qt.Equals, "Hello")
+	c.Assert(RemoveANSIColours("\033[31mHello\033[0m World"), qt.Equals, "Hello World")
+	c.Assert(RemoveANSIColours("\033[31mHello\033[0m World\033[31m!"), qt.Equals, "Hello World!")
+	c.Assert(RemoveANSIColours("\x1b[90m 5 |"), qt.Equals, " 5 |")
+}
--- a/Show more
+++ b/Show more
				`@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				`gobench -package=./hugolib -bench="BenchmarkSiteNew/Deep_content_tree"`
				`@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				`docker run --rm --mount type=bind,source="$(pwd)",target=/hugo -w /hugo -i -t bepsays/ci-goreleaser:1.11-2 /bin/bash`